Parallel bit interleaver

ABSTRACT

A bit interleaving method applying a bit permutation process to a QC LDPC codeword made up of N cyclic blocks of Q bits each, dividing the processed codeword into constellation words of M bits each, and applying an intra-cyclic-block permutation process to the cyclic blocks, where the codeword is divided into F×N/M folding sections of M/F cyclic blocks each and the constellation words are each associated with one of the folding sections, and the bit permutation process is applied such that the constellation words are each made up of F bits from each of M/F different cyclic blocks in the associated section, after the permutation process.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to the field of digital communications,and more specifically to a bit interleaver for a bit-interleaved codingand modulation system with quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes.

Background Art

In recent years, bit-interleaved coding and modulation (hereinafter,BICM) systems have been used in the field of digital communications(see, for example, Non-Patent Literature 1).

BICM systems generally incorporate the following three steps.

(1) Encoding data blocks into codewords using, for example, quasi-cycliclow-density parity check (hereinafter, QC LDPC) code or similar.(2) Performing bit interleaving on the bits of each codeword.(3) Dividing each bit interleaved codeword into constellation wordshaving a number of constellation bits, and mapping the constellationwords to constellations.

CITATION LIST Patent Literature [Patent Literature 1]

ETSI EN 302 755 V1.2.1 (DVB-T2 Standards)

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Typically, efficiency is desirable in interleaving applied to thecodewords of quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes.

The present disclosure aims to provide an interleaving method enablingefficient interleaving to be applied to the codewords of quasi-cycliclow-density parity-check codes.

In order to achieve the above-stated aim, a bit interleaving method fora communication system using quasi-cyclic low-density parity checkcodes, comprises: a reception step of receiving a codeword of thequasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes made up of N cyclic blockseach including Q bits; a bit permutation step of applying a bitpermutation process to the codeword so as to permute the bits in thecodeword; a division step of dividing the codeword, after the bitpermutation process, into a plurality of constellation words, each ofthe constellation words being made up of Mbits and indicating one of2^(M) predetermined constellation points, and an intra-cyclic-blockpermutation step of applying an intra-cyclic-block permutation processto each of the cyclic blocks so as to permute the bits in each of thecyclic blocks, wherein the division step involves dividing the codeword,after the bit permutation process, into F×N/M sections, each includingM/F of the cyclic blocks (F being a positive integer), and then dividingthe codeword into the constellation words such that each of theconstellation words is associated with one of the sections, and the bitpermutation process is applied such that each of the constellation wordsincludes F bits extracted from each of M/F different cyclic blockssubject to the permutation process, within a given section associatedwith a given one of the constellation words.

The bit interleaving method of the present invention enables effectiveinterleaving to be applied to the codewords of the quasi-cycliclow-density parity-check codes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transmitterthat includes a typical BICM encoder.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a parity-check matrix for quasi-cycliclow-density parity check codes having a coding rate of 1/2.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a parity-check matrix forrepeat-accumulate quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes having acoding rate of 2/3.

FIG. 4 illustrates a parity-check matrix for the repeat-accumulatequasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes of FIG. 3 after a rowpermutation.

FIG. 5 illustrates a parity-check matrix for the repeat-accumulatequasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes of FIG. 3 after a rowpermutation and a parity permutation.

FIG. 6 describes different robustness levels of the bits encoded ineight PAM symbols.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a typical bitinterleaver where the cyclic factor Q is 8, the number of cyclic blocksper low-density parity check codeword N is 12, and the number of bitsper constellation M is 4.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram showing the configuration of a DVB-T2modulator used in the DVB-T2 standard, and FIG. 8B is a block diagramshowing the configuration of a BICM encoder for the DVB-T2 modulator ofFIG. 8A.

FIG. 9A illustrates a write process for the bits of a 16K codeword(i.e., an LDPC code where the LDPC codeword length is 16200 bits) asperformed by a column-row interleaver having twelve columns, and FIG. 9Billustrates a read process for the bits of the codeword written in themanner indicated by FIG. 9A as performed by the column-row interleaver.

FIG. 10A illustrates a write process for the bits of a 16K codeword asperformed by a column-row interleaver having eight columns, and FIG. 10Billustrates a read process for the bits of the codeword written in themanner indicated by FIG. 10A as performed by the column-row interleaver.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a bit-to-celldemultiplexer used for 16K codes of 16-QAM in the DVB-T2 standard.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a bit-to-celldemultiplexer used for 16K codes of 64-QAM in the DVB-T2 standard.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a bit-to-celldemultiplexer used for 16K codes of 256-QAM in the DVB-T2 standard.

FIG. 14 illustrates a problem occurring for 16K codes with aneight-column DVB-T2 bit interleaver.

FIG. 15 illustrates a problem occurring for 16K codes with atwelve-column DVB-T2 bit interleaver.

FIG. 16 illustrates a problem occurring for 16K codes with aneight-column DVB-T2 bit interleaver when column twisting is applied.

FIG. 17 illustrates a problem occurring for 16K codes with atwelve-column DVB-T2 bit interleaver when column twisting is applied.

FIGS. 18A and 18B respectively illustrate a first and second conditiondiscovered by the inventors enabling an extremely effective interleaverto be provided.

FIG. 19 illustrates a mapping function by an interleaver pertaining toan Embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an interleaverpertaining to an Embodiment.

FIG. 21A is a block diagram showing the configuration of a sectionpermutator performing the section permutation illustrated in FIG. 20,and FIG. 21B illustrates a mapping function of the section permutatorshown in FIG. 21A.

FIG. 22A is a block diagram showing an alternate configuration of asection permutator performing the section permutation illustrated inFIG. 20, and FIG. 22B illustrates a mapping function of the sectionpermutator shown in FIG. 22A.

FIG. 23 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an interleaverpertaining to another Embodiment.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the bitinterleaver shown in FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transmitterpertaining to a further Embodiment.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a BICM encoderpertaining to a further Embodiment.

FIG. 27 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a receiverincluding a non-iterative BICM decoder, pertaining to a furtherEmbodiment.

FIG. 28 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a receiverincluding an iterative BICM decoder, pertaining to a further Embodiment.

FIG. 29 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an iterativeBICM decoder pertaining to a further Embodiment.

FIG. 30 illustrates an example of cyclic blocks included in and excludedfrom a parallel interleaver process.

FIGS. 31A and 31B respectively illustrate a first and second conditiondiscovered by the inventors enabling an extremely effective interleaverto be provided.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an interleaverpertaining to another Embodiment.

FIG. 33A illustrates a mapping function for a situation without folding(F=1), and FIG. 33B illustrates a mapping function for a situation withfolding (F=2).

FIG. 34A is a block diagram showing the configuration of a (folding)section permutator for the situation without folding (F=1), and FIG. 34Bis a block diagram showing the configuration of a folding sectionpermutator for the situation with folding (F=2).

FIG. 35 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an interleaverpertaining to another Embodiment.

FIG. 36 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the bitinterleaver shown in FIG. 35.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transmitterpertaining to a further Embodiment.

FIG. 38 is a block diagram of a receiver including a non-iterative BICMdecoder, pertaining to a further Embodiment.

FIG. 39 is a block diagram of a receiver including an iterative BICMdecoder, pertaining to a further Embodiment.

FIG. 40 illustrates LLR memory locations for folding with F=2, and bitpositions for the first constellation word.

FIG. 41 schematically represents mapping of constellation blockspertaining to hybrid QPSK+16QAM codes.

FIG. 42 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an interleaverpertaining to another Embodiment.

FIG. 43 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an interleaverpertaining to another Embodiment.

FIGS. 44A and 44B are block diagrams showing the configurations ofexample interleavers pertaining to another Embodiment; FIG. 44A havingN=45, Q=360, M=4, and F=1 (without folding), and FIG. 44B having N=45,Q=360, M=4, and F=2 (with folding).

FIGS. 45A and 45B are block diagrams showing the configurations ofexample interleavers pertaining to another Embodiment; FIG. 45A havingN=45, Q=360, M=6, and F=1 (without folding), and FIG. 45B having N=45,Q=360, M=6, and F=2 (with folding).

FIG. 46 illustrates the distinctiveness of connectivity of theparity-check matrix check nodes 17-24 shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 47 schematically illustrates connectivity of the parity-checkmatrix variable nodes 17-24 shown in FIG. 46 for the cyclic permutation.

FIGS. 48A through 48H respectively illustrate mapping of variable nodesassociated with the parity-check matrix check nodes 17-24 shown in FIG.46.

FIGS. 49A through 49H respectively illustrate constellation mapping to16-QAM for QB14 and QB15 associated with the check nodes 17-24.

FIGS. 50A through 50H respectively illustrate constellation mapping to16-QAM for QB4 and QB5 associated with the check nodes 17-24.

FIG. 51A illustrates a reconfigurable interleaver for theintra-cyclic-block permutation using a single rotator, and FIG. 51Billustrates a reconfigurable interleaver for the intra-cyclic-blockpermutation using two rotators.

FIGS. 52A through 52H respectively illustrate shifting QB14 by two inorder to avoid ineffective check nodes for each of FIGS. 49A through49H.

FIGS. 53A through 53H respectively illustrate shifting QB4 by three inorder to avoid ineffective check nodes for each of FIGS. 50A through50H.

FIG. 54 schematically illustrates the configuration of a parallel bitinterleaver and cyclic block permutator for an Embodiment where thefolding factor is two.

FIG. 55 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a BICM encoderwhen Q=8, M=4, and F=2.

FIG. 56 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an iterativeBICM decoder when Q=8, M=4, and F=2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

Background Information

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transmitter 100that includes a typical bit-interleaved coding and modulation(hereinafter, BICM) encoder. As shown, the transmitter 100 includes aninput processor 110, a BICM encoder (in turn including a low-densityparity check (hereinafter, LDPC) encoder 120, a bit interleaver 130, anda constellation mapper 140), and a modulator 150.

The input processor 110 converts an input bitstream into blocks of apredetermined length. The LDPC encoder 120 encodes the blocks intocodewords using LDPC codes, and then transmits the codewords to the bitinterleaver 130. The bit interleaver 130 applies an interleaving processto each LDPC codeword, then divides each interleaved codeword into asequence of cell words (i.e., constellation words). The constellationmapper 140 maps each cell word (i.e., constellation word) to a sequenceof constellations (e.g., using QAM). The generic modulator 150 at theoutput includes all processing blocks from the output of the BICMencoder to a radio frequency (hereinafter, RF) power amplifier.

An LDPC code is a linear error correcting code that is fully defined bya parity-check matrix (hereinafter, PCM). A PCM is a binary sparsematrix that represents the connection of codeword bits (hereinafter alsotermed variable nodes) to the parity checks (hereinafter also termedcheck nodes). The columns and the rows of the PCM respectivelycorrespond to the variable nodes and the check nodes. In the PCM, aconnection between a variable node and a check node is represented by aone-element.

Quasi-cyclic low-density parity check (hereinafter, QC LDPC) codes areone variety of LDPC codes. QC LDPC codes have a structure that isparticularly suited to hardware implementation. In fact, most standardsin use today employ QC LDPC codes. The PCM of a QC LDPC code has aspecial configuration made up of a plurality of circulant matrices. Acirculant matrix is a square matrix in which each row is a cyclic shiftof the elements in the previous row, and has one, two, or more foldeddiagonals. Each circulant matrix has a size of Q×Q. Here, Q representsthe cyclic factor of the QC LDPC. The above-described quasi-cyclicconfiguration allows Q check nodes to be processed in parallel, which isclearly beneficial for efficient hardware implementation.

FIG. 2 shows the PCM of a QC LDPC code having a cyclic factor Q ofeight, as an example. In FIG. 2, as well as in later-described FIGS. 3and 5, the smallest squares each represent one element of the PCM, wherethe black squares are one-elements and all other squares arezero-elements. The PCM shown has circulant matrices with one or twofolded diagonals apiece. This QC LDPC code encodes a block of 8×6=48bits into a codeword of 8×12=96 bits. Accordingly, the coding rate ofthe QC LDPC is 48/96=1/2. The codeword bits are divided into a pluralityof blocks of Q bits each. The Q bit blocks are hereinafter termed cyclicblocks (or cyclic groups) for this relation to the cyclic factor of Q.

A special variety of QC LDPC codes are repeat-accumulate quasi-cycliclow-density parity check (hereinafter, RA QC LDPC) codes. RA QC LDPCcodes are well known as being easy to encode, and are therefore used ina wide variety of standards (e.g., in second-generation DVB standards,including DVB-S2, DVB-T2, and DVB-C2). The right-hand side of the PCMcorresponds to the parity bits. The one-elements therein are arranged ina staircase structure. FIG. 3 shows an example of a PCM for a RA QC LDPChaving a coding rate of 2/3.

Above, and throughout, DVB-T is an abbreviation of Digital VideoBroadcasting-Terrestrial, DVB-S2 is an abbreviation of Digital VideoBroadcasting-Second Generation Satellite, DVB-T2 is an abbreviation ofDigital Video Broadcasting-Second Generation Terrestrial, and DVB-C2 isan abbreviation of Digital Video Broadcasting-Second Generation Cable.

By applying a simple row permutation to the PCM shown in FIG. 3, thequasi-cyclic structure of the RA QC LDPC codes is revealed, with theexception of the parity portion, shown in FIG. 4. The row permutation isa simple change of the graphical representation having no influence onthe code definition.

The quasi-cyclic structure of the PCM parity portion is imparted byapplying a suitable row permutation to only the parity bits of the PCMshown in FIG. 4. This technique is widely known in the field and is usedin standards such as DVB-T2, under the name of parity interleaving or ofparity permutation. FIG. 5 shows the PCM obtained as a result ofapplying such parity permutation to the PCM shown in FIG. 4.

Typically, the bits of an LDPC codeword vary in importance, and the bitsof a constellation vary in robustness level. Mapping the bits of an LDPCcodeword to a constellation directly, i.e., without interleaving, leadsto suboptimal performance. Thus, the bits of the LDPC codeword requireinterleaving prior to mapping onto constellations.

For this purpose, the bit interleaver 130 is provided between the LDPCencoder 120 and the constellation mapper 140, as shown in FIG. 1. Bycarefully designing the bit interleaver 130, the association between thebits of the LDPC codeword and the bits encoded by the constellation isimproved, leading to improved receiver performance. Performance istypically measured using the bit-error rate (hereinafter, BER) as afunction of the signal-to-noise ratio (hereinafter, SNR).

The bits of the LDPC codeword differ in importance primarily because notall bits are necessarily involved in the same number of parity checks.The more parity checks (check nodes) a given codeword bit (variablenode) is involved in, the more important the given codeword bit is in aniterative LDPC decoding process. A further reason is that the variablenodes each have different connectivity to the cycles of a Tanner graphrepresenting the LDPC codes. Therefore, the codeword bits are likely todiffer in importance despite being involved in the same number of paritychecks. These ideas are well understood in the field. As a rule, theimportance of the variable nodes increases as the number of check nodesconnected therewith increases.

In the particular case of QC LDPC codes, all bits included in a cyclicblock of Q bits have the same number of parity checks applied thereto,and have the same connectivity to the cycles of the Tanner graph. Thus,all bits have the same importance.

Similarly, the encoded bits of a constellation are widely known to havedifferent levels of robustness. For example, a quadrature amplitudemodulation (hereinafter, QAM) constellation is made up of twoindependent pulse amplitude modulation (hereinafter, PAM) symbols, onesymbol corresponding to the real part and the other symbol correspondingto the imaginary part. The two PAM symbols each encode Mbits. FIG. 6shows 8-PAM symbols using Gray encoding. As shown, the bits encoded byin each PAM symbol vary in terms of level of robustness. The differencein robustness is a result of the distance between two subsets defined byeach bit (e.g., 0 or 1) being different for each of the bits. Thegreater the distance, the more robust and reliable the bit. FIG. 6indicates that bit b3 has the highest robustness level, while bit b1 hasthe lowest robustness level.

Thus, a 16-QAM constellation encodes four bits and has two robustnesslevels. Likewise, a 64-QAM constellation encodes six bits and has threerobustness levels. Also, a 256-QAM constellation encodes eight bits andhas four robustness levels.

The following parameters are hereinafter used throughout the presentdescription.

Cyclic factor: Q=8

Number of cyclic blocks per LDPC codeword: N=12

Number of bits per constellation: M=4 (i.e., 16-QAM)

Given the above parameters, the number of constellations to which eachLDPC codeword is mapped is equal to Q×N/M=24. Typically, the parametersQ and N are selected such that Q×N is equal to a multiple of M for allconstellations supported by the system.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a typicalinterleaver when the above parameters are applied. In FIG. 7, the 12cyclic blocks are labeled QB1, . . . , QB 12, and the 24 constellationsare labeled C1, . . . , C24. A bit interleaver 710 interleaves the 96bits of the LDPC codeword.

A conventional bit interleaver is known from the DVB-T2 standard (seeETSI EN 302 755). The DVB-T2 standard is a television standardpresenting improvements over the DVB-T standard, and describes asecond-generation baseline transmission system for digital televisionbroadcasting. The DVB-T2 standard gives the details of a channel codingand modulation system for broadcast television services and genericdata.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram showing the structure of a modulator used inthe DVB-T2 standard (i.e., a DVB-T2 modulator). The DVB-T2 modulator 800includes an input processor 810, a BICM encoder 820, a frame builder830, and an OFDM generator 840.

The input processor 810 converts an input bitstream into blocks of apredetermined length. The BICM encoder 820 applies BICM processing tothe input. The frame builder 830 uses input from the BICM encoder 820and the like to generate a distribution frame structure in the DVB-T2format. The OFDM generator 840 performs pilot addition, fast Fouriertransform application, guard interval insertion, and the like on thedistribution frame structure, then outputs a transmission signal in theDVB-T2 format.

The BICM used in the DVB-T2 standard is described in chapter 6 of theETSI EN 302 755 standard. The aforementioned standard is incorporatedherein by reference and explained below.

FIG. 8B is a block diagram showing the structure of the BICM encoder 820in the DVB-T2 modulator 800 illustrated in FIG. 8A. FIG. 8B omits outerBCH encoding, constellation rotation, the cell interleaver, the timeinterleaver, and the like.

The BICM encoder 820 includes an LDPC encoder 821, a bit interleaver (inturn including a parity interleaver 822 and a column-row interleaver823), a bit-to-cell demultiplexer 824, and a QAM mapper 825.

The LDPC encoder 821 encodes the blocks into codewords using LDPC codes.The bit interleaver (which includes the parity interleaver 822 and thecolumn-row interleaver 823) performs interleaving on the bits of thecodewords. The bit-to-cell demultiplexer 824 demultiplexes theinterleaved bits of the codewords into cell words (constellation words).The QAM mapper 825 maps the cell words (constellation words) to complexQAM symbols. The complex QAM symbols are also termed cells. In fact, thebit-to-cell demultiplexer 824 may also be considered a part of the bitinterleaver. In such situations, the BICM encoder conforming to theDVB-T2 standard may be considered to have the basic structure shown inFIG. 1.

The LDPC codes used in the DVB-T2 standard are RA QC LDPC codes having acyclic factor of Q=360. Two codeword lengths are defined for the DVB-T2standard, one being 16200 bits and the other being 64800 bits. In thepresent document, LDPC codes using a codeword length of 16200 bits arereferred to as 16K codes (or as 16K LDPC codes), and LDPC codes having acodeword length of 64800 bits are referred to as 64K codes (or as 64KLDPC codes). The number of cyclic blocks per codeword is 45 for the 16Kcodes and 180 for the 64K codes. The available codes corresponding toeach block length (codeword length) are given in Tables A1 through A6 ofETSI EN 302 755 for the DVB-T2 standard.

The bit interleaver is used only for constellations larger thanquadrature phase-shift keying constellations (hereinafter, QPSK), andincludes the parity interleaver 822, the column-row interleaver 823, andthe bit-to-cell demultiplexer 824. According to the DVB-T2 standard, thebit interleaver does not include the bit-to-cell demultiplexer 824.However, the present document pertains to interleaving as applied toLDPC codes prior to constellation mapping. As such, the bit-to-celldemultiplexer 824 is treated as a part of the bit interleaver.

The parity interleaver 822 performs parity permutation on the paritybits of each codeword so as to clarify the quasi-cyclic structurethereof, as described above (see FIGS. 4 and 5).

Conceptually, the column-row interleaver 823 operates by writing thebits of each LDPC codeword column-wise in an interleaver matrix, thenreading the bits row-wise. The first bit of the LDPC codeword is writtenfirst, and is read first. After writing and before reading the LDPCcodeword bits, the column-row interleaver 823 cyclically shifts thecolumns of bits by a predetermined number of positions. This is termedcolumn twisting in the DVB-T2 standard. The number of columns Nc and thenumber of rows Nr in the interleaver matrix are given in Table 1 forseveral constellation sizes, according to the two aforementioned LDPCcodeword lengths.

TABLE 1 LDPC codeword Constellation No. of No. of length size columns:Nc rows: Nr 16200 16-QAM 8 2025 64-QAM 12 1350 256-QAM  8 2025 6480016-QAM 8 8100 64-QAM 12 5400 256-QAM  16 4050

The number of columns Nc is twice the number of bits per constellation,with the exception of 16K codes with a 256-QAM constellation. Thisexception occurs because the LDPC codeword length of 16200 is not amultiple of 16, i.e., is not twice the number of bits per 256-QAMconstellation.

The codeword bit writing process and bit reading process for 16K codesperformed by the column-row interleaver 823 is illustrated in FIGS. 9Aand 9B for twelve columns, and in FIGS. 10A and 10B for eight columns.Each of the small squares corresponds to one bit of the LDPC codeword.The blackened square represents the first bit of the LDPC codeword. Thearrows indicate the order in which the bits are written to and read fromthe interleaver matrix. For example, when the interleaver matrix hastwelve columns, the codeword bits of the 16K code are written in theorder given in FIG. 9A, namely (Row 1, Column 1), (Row 2, Column 1), . .. , (Row 1350, Column 1), (Row 1, Column 2), . . . , (Row 1350, Column12), then read in the order given in FIG. 9B, namely (Row 1, Column 1),(Row 1, Column 2), . . . , (Row 1, Column 12), (Row 2, Column 1), . . ., (Row 1350, Column 12). FIGS. 9A, 9B, 10A, and 10B do not illustratethe column twisting process.

Prior to QAM mapping, the bit-to-cell demultiplexer 824 demultiplexesthe LDPC codewords to obtain a plurality of parallel bit streams. Thenumber of streams is twice the number of encoded bits M per QAMconstellation, i.e., 2×M, with the exception of 16K LDPC codes with a256-QAM constellation. For 16K LDPC codes with a 256-QAM constellation,the number of streams equal to the number of encoded bits M per QAMconstellation. The M encoded bits per constellation are referred to asone cell word (constellation word). For the 16K LDPC codes, the numberof cell words per codeword is 16200/M, as given below.

8100 cells for QPSK,

4050 cells for 16-QAM,

2700 cells for 64-QAM, and

2025 cells for 256-QAM.

According to Table 1, given above, the number of parallel streams isequal to the number of columns in the column-row interleaver forconstellations larger than QPSK. The bit-to-cell demultiplexerscorresponding to 16-QAM constellations, 64-QAM constellations, and256-QAM constellations for 16K LDPC codes are respectively shown inFIGS. 11, 12, and 13. The bit notation used is that of the DVB-T2standard.

As shown in FIG. 11 (and FIGS. 12 and 13), the bit-to-cell demultiplexer824 includes a simple demultiplexer 1110 (also 1210, 1310) and a demuxpermutator 1120 (also 1220, 1320).

In addition to having the simple demultiplexer 1110 (1210, 1310) simplydemultiplex the LDPC codewords, to which interleaving has been applied,the bit-to-cell demultiplexer 824 also has the demux permutator 1120(1220, 1320) perform a permutation on the demultiplexed parallel bitstreams.

However, when the column-row interleaver is used (i.e., for 16-QAMconstellations or larger), the permutation applied to the bit streams isidentical to a permutation applied to the columns of the column-rowinterleaver due to the number of parallel bit streams being equal to thenumber of columns. Therefore, the permutation performed by thebit-to-cell demultiplexer 824 is regarded as a part of the bitinterleaver.

The bit interleaver used in the DVB-T2 standard essentially has twoproblems.

The first problem is that parallelism is impaired when the number ofcyclic blocks in the LDPC codeword is not a multiple of the number ofcolumns in the bit interleaver matrix. Reduced parallelism leads toincreased latency. This is especially problematic when iterative BICMdecoding is used by the receiver. This situation occurs for severalcombinations of LDPC codeword length and constellation size in theDVB-T2 standard.

FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate the aforementioned situation for 16K LDPCcode cases where the interleaver matrix has eight and twelve columns,respectively. Eight columns are used in the interleaver matrix for16-QAM constellations and 256-QAM constellations. Twelve columns areused in the interleaver matrix for 64-QAM constellations. In FIGS. 14and 15, the grid represents an LDPC codeword, the small squares eachrepresent one bit of the LDPC codeword, the rows correspond to thecyclic blocks, and the columns correspond to bits of the same bit indexwithin a cyclic block. The blackened squares represent eighth andtwelfth bits of the first row in the interleaver matrix. For ease ofcomprehension, the number of bits per cyclic block has been reduced from360 to 72. However, this does not affect the understanding.

The second problem is that, in the DVB-T2 standard, the number ofpossible bit interleaver configurations is limited by the number ofcolumns in the bit interleaver matrix.

A further problem of the DVB-T2 bit interleaver is that the regularityand parallelism of the permutation is impaired by the column twistingprocess. FIGS. 16 and 17 respectively illustrate the same situations asFIGS. 14 and 15, with the addition of the column twisting process. Whenthe interleaver matrix has eight columns for the 16K LDPC codes, thecolumn twisting values for the columns of the DVB-T2 bit interleaver are(0, 0, 0, 1, 7, 20, 20, 21). Similarly, when the interleaver matrix hastwelve columns for the 16K LDPC codes, the column twisting values forthe columns of the DVB-T2 bit interleaver are (0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3,3, 6, 7, 7).

Accordingly, a bit interleaver that reduces latency while improvingparallelism is desired. These properties are particularly important initerative BICM decoding.

(Inventor Discoveries)

The inventor has discovered, as the fruit of prolonged experimentation,that an interleaver satisfying the following two conditions is extremelyefficient.

(Condition 1)

The Mbits of each constellation are each mapped to one of M differentcyclic blocks of the LDPC codeword. This is equivalent to mapping onebit from M different cyclic blocks of the LDPC codeword to aconstellation word. This is schematically illustrated in FIG. 18A.

(Condition 2)

All constellation words mapped to the M cyclic blocks are mapped only tothat particular cyclic block. This is equivalent to mapping all M×Q bitsof the M different cyclic blocks each made up of Q bits to exactly Qconstellations. This is schematically illustrated in FIG. 18B.

The above conditions imply that exactly Q constellations are mapped toeach set of M cyclic blocks.

Embodiment 1

The following describes the details of a bit interleaver (i.e., aparallel bit interleaver) that satisfies conditions 1 and 2 given above.In the following description, processing and the units performing suchprocessing are labeled with the same reference numbers whereverapplicable.

In the present document, each group of M cyclic blocks and each group ofQ constellation words is referred to as a section (or as an interleaversection).

FIGS. 19 and 20 are block diagrams respectively illustrating the mappingfunction of a bit interleaver satisfying Conditions 1 and 2 andcorresponding to the aforementioned parameters (i.e., Q=8, M=4, N=12),and a sample configuration for such a bit interleaver.

In FIGS. 19 and 20, the QC-LDPC codewords are made up of N=12 cyclicblock, each in turn made up of Q=8 bits. Each of the 24 constellationwords is made up of M=4 bits. Each constellation word indicates one of2^(M)=16 constellation points. The bit interleaver is divided into N/M=3sections. The 24 constellation words are each associated one of thethree sections.

A bit interleaver 2000 includes a bit permutator 2010, which in turnincludes N/M (=3) section permutators 2021, 2022, and 2023, eachoperating independently. However, rather than providing three sectionpermutators, a single section permutator may, for example, be providedso as to perform the three section permutation processes describedbelow, switching therebetween over time.

The section permutators (2021, 2022, and 2023) each independentlyperform a section permutation on the 32 bits making up each of 4 cyclicblocks, such that one bit from every four cyclic blocks (i.e., QB1through QB4, QB5 through QB8, and QB9 through QB12) is mapped to eachgroup of eight constellation words (i.e., C1 through C8, C9 through C16,and C17 through C24).

Conditions 1 and 2, described above, ensure that the bit interleaver isdivisible into N/M parallel sections. The section permutations appliedto the parallel sections may all apply the same permutation rules, mayeach apply different permutation rules, or may involve a subset of thesections applying identical permutation rules while other differ.

For example, the section permutators may map the Q bits of a cyclicblock (which each have the same importance in LDPC decoding) to bitshaving the same bit index (i.e., having the same robustness level) inthe Q constellation words. For each cyclic block, the Q bits may be insequential or in permutated order. The latter case is described withreference to FIGS. 21A and 21B, while the former case is described withreference to FIGS. 22A and 22B.

FIG. 21A structurally illustrates the section permutator of FIG. 20.

The section permutator 2101 includes intra-cyclic-block permutators 2111through 2114 and a column-row permutator 2131. Rather than providingfour intra-cyclic-block permutators, for example, a singleintra-cyclic-block permutator may be provided and perform the fourintra-cyclic-block permutation processes, described later, switchingtherebetween over time.

The intra-cyclic-block permutators (2111-2114) each perform anintra-cyclic-block permutation on the Q-bit (8-bit) cyclic blocks(QB1-QB4). The intra-cyclic-block permutations applied to the cyclicblocks in each section may all apply the same permutation rules, mayeach apply different permutation rules, or may involve a subset of thesections applying identical permutation rules while other differ.

The column-row permutator 2131 performs a column-row permutation on eachgroup of M×Q (=32) bits. Specifically, the column-row permutator 2131writes the M×Q bits row-wise into a M×Q (8×4) matrix, then reads the M×Qbits column-wise therefrom, thus applying the column-row permutation.The column-row permutation applied by the column-row permutator 2131resembles the permutation applied to the 12×1350 matrix shown in FIGS.9A and 9B, where Q columns and M rows are used, the writing processoccurs column-wise, and the reading process occurs row-wise.

FIG. 21B is a structural representation of the section permutator shownin FIG. 21A. As shown, the constellation words of M=4 bits are eachdenoted b1 through b4.

However, a variation in which the intra-cyclic-block permutation processis not part of the section permutation process is also plausible.

For example, a section permutation implemented without executing theintra-cyclic-block permutation and a structure of mapping by the sectionpermutator are shown in FIGS. 22A and 22B. The section permutator 2201includes a column-row permutator 2131 and performs a simple column-rowpermutation. In FIG. 22B, the constellation words of M=4 bits are eachdenoted b1 through b4.

The section permutation described in FIGS. 21A, 21B, 22A and 22B may beapplied to cyclic blocks QB5-QB8 and QB9-QB12.

Advantageously, an additional cyclic block permutation may be applied tothe N cyclic blocks before the bit interleaver performs the sectionpermutation. FIG. 23 is a structural diagram of the additional cyclicblock permutation applied by the bit interleaver 2300. In this context,the cyclic block permutation plays a role similar to that of thepermutation performed by the bit-to-cell demultiplexer in the DVB-T2standard.

The bit interleaver 2300 shown in FIG. 23 includes a cyclic blockpermutator 2310 and a bit permutator 2010 (which in turn includessection permutators 2021-2023).

The cyclic block permutator 2310 performs cyclic block permutations2311-2318 on the cyclic blocks QB1-QB12. Here, the cyclic blockpermutations 2311-2318 all follow the same permutation rules.

The cyclic block permutation performed on the N cyclic blocks isparticularly advantageous in enabling optimized mapping of the LDPCcodeword bits onto the constellation bits, resulting in optimizedperformance.

FIG. 24 is a schematic block diagram of the bit interleaver 2300 shownin FIG. 23. The bit interleaver 2400 shown in FIG. 24 includes threestages, A, B, and C.

Stage A: (inter) cyclic block permutation

Stage B: intra-cyclic-block permutation

Stage C: column-row permutation

The (inter) cyclic block permutation is applied to the N cyclic blocksmaking up the codeword, the intra-cyclic-block permutation is applied tothe Q bits of each cyclic block, and the column-row permutation isapplied to the M×Q sections.

The bit interleaver 2400 shown in FIG. 24 includes the cyclic blockpermutator 2310 and the bit permutator 2010 (which in turn includes thesection permutators 2101-2103). The section permutator 2101 (2102, 2013)includes the intra-cyclic-block permutators 2111-2114 (2115-2118,2119-2122) and the column-row permutator 2131 (2132, 2133).

In the bit interleaver 2400, the (inter) cyclic block permutation isperformed by the cyclic block permutator 2310 (stage A), theintra-cyclic-block permutation is performed by the intra-cyclic-blockpermutators 2111-2122 (stage B), and the column-row permutation isperformed by the column-row permutators 2131-2133 (stage C).

The intra-cyclic-block permutators 2111-2122 may be removed from the bitinterleaver 2400 shown in FIG. 24, such that the bit interleaver isconfigured not to perform the intra-cyclic-block permutation. Also, thebit interleaver 2400 may perform the (inter) cyclic block permutationbefore the intra-cyclic-block permutation rather than after theintra-cyclic-block permutation, or may perform the (inter) cyclic blockpermutation before and after the intra-cyclic-block permutation.

The intra-cyclic-block permutators may have similar structures. This isadvantageous in that the intra-cyclic-block permutators are thusimplementable using identical resources (e.g., hardware blocks).Alternatively, the intra-cyclic-block permutations may consist ofcyclical shifts, which allow for efficient hardware implementation usingbarrel shifters. An implementation using the barrel shifters in the LDPCdecoder is also possible.

The following describes a transmitter that includes the bit interleaverperforming a bit interleaving process that satisfies Conditions 1 and 2,with reference to FIG. 25.

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of a transmitter pertaining to a furtherEmbodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 25, a transmitter2500 includes a BICM encoder (which in turn includes an LDPC encoder2510, a bit interleaver 2520, and a constellation mapper 2530) and amodulator 2540.

The LDPC encoder 2510 encodes input blocks into codewords using QC-LDPCcodes, and then transmits the codewords to the bit interleaver 2520.

The bit interleaver 2520 receives the codeword of QC-LDPC code from theLDPC encoder 2510. The codeword is made up of N=12 cyclic blocks, eachcyclic block including Q=8 bits. The bit interleaver 2520 performsinterleaving on the bits of the codewords so as to permute the bits ofeach of the codewords. The bit interleaver 2520 divides the interleavedcodeword into a plurality of constellation words, each made up of M=4bits and indicating one of 2^(M)=16 constellation points, then outputsthe constellation words to the constellation mapper 2530. The bitinterleaver 2520 may apply the bit interleaving process discussed withreference to FIGS. 19 through 22A and 22B, or may apply a variant bitpermutation process. Also, the bit interleaver 2520 may apply anadditional cyclic block permutation process, such as the processdiscussed with reference to FIGS. 23 and 24 or a variation thereof.

The constellation mapper 2530 receives the constellation words from thebit interleaver 2520 and performs constellation mapping on theconstellation words so received.

The modulator 2740 generates a transmission signal using orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (hereinafter, OFDM) or similar.

The following describes a BICM encoder that includes the bit interleaverperforming a bit interleaving process that satisfies Conditions 1 and 2,with reference to FIG. 26.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of an example BICM encoder pertaining to afurther Embodiment of the disclosure. In FIG. 26, the BICM encoder 2600corresponds to the above-given parameters (i.e., Q=8, N=12, M=4).

The BICM encoder 2600 shown in FIG. 26 includes a main memory 2601, anLDPC controller 2611, a rotator 2612, a check node processor group 2613,a de-rotator 2614, a QB counter 2631, table A 2632, interleaver B 2633,a register group 2634, interleaver C 2635, and a mapper group 2651.

In FIG. 26, given that Q=8, the main memory 2601 reads eight bits at atime, the check node processor group 2613 includes eight check nodeprocessors, and the mapper group 2651 includes eight mappers. Also,given that M=4, the register group 2634 includes four registers.

The main memory 2601 receives a sequence of bits for transmission from,for example, the (non-diagrammed) input processor, and stores thereceived bit sequence.

The LDPC controller 2611 outputs a read address to the main memory 2601.The main memory 2601 accordingly outputs the bit sequence, eight bits ata time beginning with the lead bit, to the rotator 2612. The rotator2612 is controlled by the LDPC controller 2611 to perform apredetermined number of cyclical shifts on the eight bits suppliedthereto by the main memory 2601, and then outputs the eightcyclically-shifted bits to the check node processors of the check nodeprocessor group 2613, one bit at a time, the bits and the check nodeprocessors being in one-to-one correspondence. Each check node processerof the check node processor group 2613 is controlled by the LDPCcontroller 2611 to perform check node processing on each bit inputthereto, then outputs the results to the de-rotator 2614. The de-rotator2614 is controlled by the LDPC controller 2611 to perform apredetermined number of cyclic shifts on the eight bits received fromthe check node processor group 2613 so as to cancel the cyclic shiftapplied by the rotator 2612, and then outputs the eight shifted bits tothe main memory 2601. The LDPC controller 2611 outputs a write addressto the main memory 2601. The main memory 2601 accordingly stores theeight bits supplied thereto by the de-rotator 2614. The LDPC controller2611, the rotator 2612, the check node processor group 2613, and thede-rotator 2614 make up the BICM encoder in the LDPC encoder 2510 shownin FIG. 25.

The QB counter 2631 counts from 0 to 11 and outputs the counter value totable A 2632. The count operation of the QB counter 2631 is defined inconsideration of N=12.

Table A 2632 is a simple look-up table in which the cyclic blockpermutation rules are stored. That is, Table A 2632 stores N=12 piecesof cyclic block read order information (information associating adifferent cyclic block with each of the 12 counter values from the QBcounter 2631). Table A 2632 outputs a read address to the main memory2601 such that the bits of one cyclic block (i.e., Q=8 bits)corresponding to the counter value supplied by the QB counter 2631 aresupplied from the main memory 2601 to interleaver B 2633. Thus, the mainmemory 2601 outputs the bits of one cyclic block corresponding to thecounter value of the QB counter 2631 to interleaver B 2633. Theprocessing using table A 2632 is executed as the cyclic blockpermutation process (stage A).

Interleaver B 2633 performs a predetermined number of cyclical shifts onthe bits of the cyclic block supplied by the main memory 2601, andoutputs the results to a first tier register of the register group 2634.The processing by interleaver B 2633 is executed as theintra-cyclic-block permutation process (stage B). Each register in theregister group 2634 stores one cyclic block of bits with timing matchingthe reception of a control pulse, and outputs the cyclic block of bitsbefore receiving the next control pulse.

When the QB counter 2631 performs the aforementioned process for countervalues 0 through 3, the bits of four cyclic blocks (i.e., 32 bits) areinput to interleaver C 2635. At this time, interleaver C 2635interleaves the bits of the four cyclic blocks input thereto, and themappers of the mapper group 2651 output one constellation word of bits(i.e., M=4 bits). Through the interleaving process, four bits, i.e., onefrom each of the four registers in the register group 2634, are suppliedto each mapper. This processing by interleaver C 2635 is executed as thecolumn-row permutation process (stage C).

The QB counter 2631, table A 2632, interleaver B 2633, the registergroup 2634, and interleaver C 2635 make up the bit interleaver 2520 ofthe BICM encoder shown in FIG. 25.

The mappers of the mapper group 2651 each map four bits supplied theretofrom interleaver C 2635 to a constellation, then output the results. Themapper group 2651 makes up the constellation mapper 2530 of the BICMencoder shown in FIG. 25.

For each codeword, the above-described set of processes are appliedthree times, once each for counter values 0-3, 4-7, and 8-11 of the QBcounter 2631.

The Embodiment depicted in FIG. 26 includes Q mappers operating inparallel. However, the mappers are also realizable as a BICM encoder soas to decrease or increase the parallelism. For example, the number ofparallel interleaver sections in the bit interleaver, i.e., the quotientof N/M, obviously may be increased so as to easily enhance parallelism.Such methods enable the parallelism to be optimized by parallelizing theQ×N/M mappers. Implementing such parallelism, without drawbacks, in thebit interleaver is beneficial.

The following describes a receiver receiving signals from a transmitterthat includes the bit interleaver performing a bit interleaving processthat satisfies Conditions 1 and 2, with reference to FIG. 27.

FIG. 27 is a block diagram of an example receiver, including anon-iterative BICM decoder, pertaining to a further Embodiment of thedisclosure. The receiver performs the reverse operations of thetransmitter.

The receiver 2700 shown in FIG. 27 includes a demodulator 2710 and anon-iterative BICM decoder (which in turn includes a constellationdemapper 2720, a bit deinterleaver 2730, and an LDPC decoder 2740).

The demodulator 2710 performs a demodulation process through OFDM, forexample, and outputs the demodulated results.

The constellation demapper 2720 of the non-iterative BICM decodergenerates a soft bit sequence by applying a demapping process to theinput from the demodulator 2710, and outputs the soft bit sequence sogenerated to the constellation demapper 2730. The soft bits are ameasure of probability that a given bit is a zero-bit or a one-bit.Typically, the soft bits are represented as log-likelihood ratios(hereinafter, LLRs), defined as follows.

LLR(b)=ln [p(b=0)/p(b=1)]

where p(b=0) indicates the probability of the given bit b being azero-bit, and p(b=1) represents the probability of the given bit b beinga one-bit. Of course, p(b=0)+p(b=1)=1.

The bit deinterleaver 2730 performs an interleaving process on a softbit sequence output by the constellation demapper (i.e., a bitde-interleaving process) so as to cancel the bit interleaving processapplied to the bit sequence by the bit interleaver in the transmitterillustrated in FIG. 25.

The LDPC decoder 2740 receives the soft bit sequence deinterleaved bythe bit deinterleaver 2730, and performs an LDPC decoding process usingthe soft bit sequence so received.

One improved technique offering significant performance gains isiterative BICM decoding. FIG. 28 illustrates an iterative BICM decoder.

FIG. 28 is a block diagram of an example receiver, including aniterative BICM decoder, pertaining to a further Embodiment of thedisclosure. The receiver performs the transmitter operations in reverse.

As shown in FIG. 28, a receiver 2800 includes the demodulator 2710 andan iterative BICM decoder (which in turn includes the constellationdemapper 2720, the bit deinterleaver 2730, the LDPC decoder 2740, asubtractor 2760, and a bit interleaver 2750).

The receiver 2800 of FIG. 28 has the constellation demapper 2720performing a constellation demapping process, the bit deinterleaver 2730performing a bit deinterleaving process, and the LDPC decoder 2740performing an LDPC decoding process.

After one or more LDPC decoding iterations, extrinsic information,obtained by the subtractor 2760 subtracting the input to the LDPCdecoder 2740 from the output of the LDPC decoder 2740, is output to thebit interleaver 2750. The bit interleaver 2750 performs an interleavingprocess on the extrinsic information using the same interleaving rulesas those applied to the bit sequence by the bit interleaver of thetransmitter depicted in FIG. 25. The bit interleaver 2750 then feedsback the interleaved extrinsic information to the constellation demapper2720. The constellation demapper 2720 uses the extrinsic information sofed back as a-priori information to compute more reliable LLR values.The bit deinterleaver 2730 then performs an interleaving process on thenewly computed LLR values (i.e., a bit de-interleaving process) so as tocancel the bit interleaving process applied to the bit sequence by thebit interleaver in the transmitter depicted in FIG. 25 and restore theoriginal order of the bit sequence. The LDPC decoder 2740 uses the LLRvalues so de-interleaved in the LDPC decoding process.

As shown in FIG. 28, an iterative decoding loop is made up of fourelements, namely the constellation demapper 2720, the bit deinterleaver2730, the LDPC decoder 2740, and the bit interleaver 2750. The bitdeinterleaver 2730 and the bit interleaver 2750 have beneficially verylow latency, ideally zero, and low complexity. This results in a moreefficient receiver implementation. The bit deinterleaver 2730 and thebit interleaver 2750 described above satisfy both of these conditions.

FIG. 29 illustrates an iterative BICM decoder realizing very efficientparallel implementation.

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of an example BICM decoder pertaining to afurther Embodiment of the disclosure. In FIG. 29, the BICM decoder 2900corresponds to the above-given parameters (i.e., Q=8, N=12, M=4).

As shown, the BICM decoder 2900 includes a main LLR memory 2901, abuffer LLR memory 2902, an LDPC controller 2911, a rotator 2912, a checknode processor group 2913, a de-rotator 2914, a QB counter 2931, table A2932, a subtractor group 2933, interleaver B 2934, register group 2935,interleaver C 2936, a demapper group 2937, deinterleaver C 2938,register group 2939, deinterleaver B 2940, and a delayer 2941.

In FIG. 29, given that Q=8, the main LLR memory 2901 and the buffer LLRmemory 2902 each read eight LLR values at a time, the check nodeprocessor group 2913 includes eight check node processors, and thedemapper group 2951 includes eight demappers. Also, considering thatM=4, the register groups 2935 and 2972 each include four registers.

The demappers in the demapper group 2937 each perform a demappingprocess on the output of a demodulator (not diagrammed), then outputsthe LLR values so obtained to deinterleaver C 2938. The demapper group2937 makes up the constellation demapper 2720 of the iterative BICMdecoder shown in FIG. 28.

Deinterleaver C 2938 applies a deinterleaving process to the LLR values(i.e., a new interleaving process cancelling the interleaving processapplied by the transmitter during stage C), then outputs thedeinterleaved LLR values to the registers of register group 2939. Eachregister stores one cyclic block of LLR values (i.e., eight LLR values).In register group 2939, the cyclic block of LLR values stored by eachregister is sequentially output to a later tier such that the content ofeach register is sequentially updated. Deinterleaver B 2940 applies adeinterleaving process to the cyclic block of (eight) LLR values (i.e.,a new interleaving process cancelling the interleaving process appliedby the transmitter during stage B), then writes the results to the mainLLR memory 2901 and the buffer LLR memory 2902 in accordance with tableA 2932 (discussed later). An interleaving process cancelling theinterleaving process applied by the transmitter during stage A isachieved by this writing to the main LLR memory 2901 and the buffer LLRmemory 2902 in accordance with the content of Table A 2932.

Thus, the main LLR memory 2901 stores the post-deinterleaving LLRvalues, and is also used by the LDPC decoder (i.e., the LDPC controller2911, the rotator 2912, the check node processor group 2913, and thede-rotator 2914). The LDPC decoding process is an iterative processinvolving one or more iterations. In each LDPC decoding iteration, theLLR values in the main LLR memory 2901 are updated. In order to computethe extrinsic information needed for iterative BICM decoding, the oldLLR values are saved in the buffer LLR memory 2902.

The following describes the LDPC decoder operations.

The LDPC controller 2911 outputs the read address to the main LLR memory2901 in accordance with the parity-check matrix of the LDPC codes. Thus,the main LLR memory 2901 sequentially outputs one cyclic block of LLRvalues to the rotator 2912. The rotator 2912 is controlled by the LDPCcontroller 2911 to perform a predetermined number of cyclical shifts onthe cyclic block of LLR values supplied sequentially by the main LLRmemory 2901, then outputs the LLR values so shifted to the check nodeprocessors of the check node processor group 2913 one at a time. Thecheck node processors of the check node processor group 2913 arecontrolled by the LDPC controller 2911 to perform a check node processon the sequence of LLR values sequentially input thereto. Next, thecheck node processors of the check node processor group 2913 arecontrolled by the LDPC controller 2911 to sequentially output the LLRvalues resulting from the check node process. The de-rotator 2914 iscontrolled by the LDPC controller 2911 to performs a predeterminednumber of cyclic shifts cancelling the cyclic shift applied to thecyclic block sequentially received from the check node processor group2913 by the rotator 2912, then sequentially outputs the shifted resultsto the main LLR memory 2901. The LDPC controller 2911 outputs the writeaddress to the main LLR memory 2901 in accordance with the parity-checkmatrix of the LDPC codes. Thus, the main LLR memory 2901 stores thecyclic block of results sequentially supplied thereto by the de-rotator2914. The LDPC controller 2911 repeatedly executes the above-describedprocessing in accordance with the parity-check matrix of the LDPC codes.

After a predetermined number of LDPC iterations, a BICM iteration isperformed. The LDPC and BICM iterations are also respectively referredto as inner and outer iterations. These two types of iterative may alsooverlap in some implementations. This enables the speed of convergenceto be increased. The BICM and LDPC decoding processes are well known inthe field, and the details thereof are thus omitted.

The QB counter 2931 counts from 0 to 11 and outputs the counter value totable A 2932. The count operation of the QB counter 2931 is defined inconsideration of N=12.

Table A 2932 is a simple look-up table in which the cyclic blockpermutation rules are stored. That is, Table A 2932 stores N=12 piecesof cyclic block read (and write) order information (i.e., withinformation associating a different cyclic block with each of the 12counter values from the QB counter 2631). Table A 2932 outputs the readaddress to the main LLR memory 2901 and to the buffer LLR memory 2902such that one cyclic block of LLR values corresponding to the countervalue supplied by the QB counter 2931 are supplied to the subtractorgroup 2933 by the main LLR memory 2901 and to the buffer LLR memory2902. Thus, the main LLR memory 2901 and the buffer LLR memory 2902 eachoutput a cyclic block of LLR values corresponding to the counter valueof the QB counter 2931 to the subtractor 2933. The delayer 2941 makes adelay adjustment such that the position of the LLR value read from themain LLR memory 2901 and the buffer LLR memory 2902 match the writeposition of the same LLR values to the main LLR memory 2901 and thebuffer LLR memory 2902. The processing using table A 2932 is executed asthe cyclic block permutation process (stage A).

The subtractor 2933 in the subtractor group subtracts the output of thebuffer LLR memory 2902 from the output of the main LLR memory 2901, thenoutputs the extrinsic information for one cyclic block thus obtained(i.e., eight pieces of extrinsic information) to interleaver B 2934.

Interleaver B 2634 performs a predetermined number of cyclical shifts onthe pieces of extrinsic information for one of the cyclic blockssupplied by the subtractor 2933, and outputs the results to a first tierregister of the register group 2935. The processing performed byinterleaver B 2934 corresponds to the intra-cyclic-block permutation(stage B). Each register in the register group 2935 stores eight bitswith timing matching the reception of a control pulse, and outputs theeight bits before receiving the next control pulse.

When the QB counter 2631 performs the aforementioned process for countervalues 0 through 3, the extrinsic information for four cyclic blocks(i.e., 32 pieces of extrinsic information) are input to interleaver C2936. At this time, interleaver C 2936 performs an interleaving processon the extrinsic information input thereto for four cyclic blocks, thenoutputs one constellation word of extrinsic information (i.e., M=4pieces of extrinsic information) to each demapper of the demapper group2937. Through the interleaving process, the four pieces of extrinsicinformation are supplied to the demappers of the demapper group 2951from the four registers in register group 2935, one at a time. Thisprocessing by interleaver C 2936 is executed as the column-rowpermutation process (stage C).

The QB counter 2931, table A 2932, interleaver B 2934, the registergroup 2935, and interleaver C 2936 make up the bit interleaver 2750 ofthe BICM decoder shown in FIG. 28.

The demappers of the demapper group 2937 uses the four pieces ofextrinsic information supplied by interleaver C 2936 as a-prioriinformation to perform a demapping process, then output the resultingLLR values to deinterleaver C 2938.

Deinterleaver C 2938 applies a deinterleaving process to the LLR values(i.e., a new interleaving process cancelling the interleaving processapplied by the transmitter during stage C), then outputs thedeinterleaved LLR values to the registers of the register group 2939.Each register stores one cyclic block of LLR values (i.e., eight LLRvalues). In register group 2939, the cyclic block of LLR values storedby each register is sequentially output to a later tier such that thecontent of each register is sequentially updated. Deinterleaver B 2940applies a deinterleaving process to the cyclic block of (eight) LLRvalues (i.e., a new interleaving process cancelling the interleavingprocess applied by the transmitter during stage B), then writes theresults to the main LLR memory 2901 and the buffer LLR memory 2902. Themain LLR memory 2901 and the buffer LLR memory 2902 receive the writeaddress from table A 2932 via the delayer 2941, then store one cyclicblock of LLR values (i.e., eight LLR values) received from thedeinterleaver 2940 in accordance with the received write address. Aninterleaving process cancelling the interleaving process applied by thetransmitter during stage A is achieved by this writing in accordancewith the content of table A 2932.

For each codeword, the above-described set of processes is applied threetimes, once each for counter values 0-3, 4-7, and 8-11 of the QB counter2931.

The QB counter 2931, table A 2932, deinterleaver B 26938, the registergroup 2939, and interleaver C 2940 make up the bit interleaver 2730 ofthe BICM decoder shown in FIG. 28.

Interleaver B 2934 and deinterleaver B 2940 are reconfigurable. Thisrequires a certain hardware cost, but this cost is minimized byattentive design. Interleaver C 2936 and deinterleaver 2938 implementthe column-row permutation. This permutation is uniform for apredetermined constellation size. Thus, the cost of implementation isreduced.

The Embodiment depicted in FIG. 29 includes Q demappers operating inparallel.

However, the demappers are also realizable as an iterative BICM decoderby decreasing or increasing the parallelism. For example, the number ofparallel interleaver sections in the bit interleaver, i.e., the quotientof N/M, obviously may be increased so as to easily enhance parallelism.Such methods enable the parallelism to be optimized by parallelizing theQ×N/M demappers. The above-described bit interleaver has the merit ofbeing implementable with such parallelism without trouble.

(Further Experimenter Discoveries) The interleavers satisfyingConditions 1 and 2 given above (i.e., parallel interleavers) assume thatthe number of bits per constellation word M is a divisor of the numberof cyclic blocks N. However, M is not typically a divisor of N. Forexample, the 16K LDPC codes used in the DVB-T2 standard has N=45 cyclicblocks per 16K LDPC codeword. When M is not a divisor of N, the mappingof square constellations, such as QAM constellations where M is even, isnot straightforward.

Thus, a particular solution is proposed that involves excluding one ormore of the N cyclic blocks and implementing the interleaver discussedin Embodiment 1 (i.e. the parallel interleaver), above, only to theremaining cyclic blocks.

In other words, N′ cyclic blocks are selected from among the N cyclicblocks such that N′ is a multiple of the number of bits perconstellation words M in the bit interleaver. The bit interleaverdivides the N′ selected cyclic blocks into N′/M sections such that eachsection includes M cyclic blocks, then performs a section permutation oneach section. The bits of the excluded (i.e., not selected) cyclic blockmay or may not be interleaved.

Specifically, a bit interleaving method pertaining to the disclosure isintended for a communication system using quasi-cyclic low-densityparity check codes, and comprises: a reception step of receiving acodeword of the quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes made up of Ncyclic blocks each including Q bits; a bit permutation step of applyinga bit permutation process to the codeword so as to permute the bits inthe codeword; a division step of dividing the codeword, after the bitpermutation process, into a plurality of constellation words, each ofthe constellation words being made up of Mbits and indicating one of2^(M) predetermined constellation points; and a selection step ofselecting a subset of N′ cyclic blocks from among the N cyclic blockssuch that N′ is a multiple of M, wherein prior to the bit permutationprocess, the codeword is divided into N′/M sections, each of thesections including M of the cyclic blocks, and each of the constellationwords being associated with one of the N′/M sections, and in the bitpermutation step, the bit permutation process is applied such that the Mbits in each of the constellation words include one bit from each of Mdifferent cyclic blocks in a given section associated with a givenconstellation word, and such that all bits in the given section aremapped to only Q of the constellation words associated with the givensection.

Similarly, a bit interleaver pertaining to the disclosure is intendedfor use in a communication system using quasi-cyclic low-density paritycheck codes, and comprises: a bit permutation unit receiving a codewordof the quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes made up of N cyclicblocks each including Q bits, applying a bit permutation process to thecodeword so as to permute the bits in the codeword, and dividing thecodeword, for output after the bit permutation process, into a pluralityof constellation words, each of the constellation words being made up ofMbits and indicating one of 2^(M) predetermined constellation points;and a selection unit selecting a subset of N′ cyclic blocks from amongthe N cyclic blocks such that N′ is a multiple of M, wherein prior tothe bit permutation process, the codeword is divided into N′/M sections,each of the sections including M of the cyclic blocks, and each of theconstellation words being associated with one of the N′/M sections, andthe bit permutation unit applies the bit permutation process such thatthe Mbits in each of the constellation words include one bit from eachof M different cyclic blocks in a given section associated with a givenconstellation word, and such that all bits in the given section aremapped to only Q of the constellation words associated with the givensection.

Also, the bits in the codeword may include a bit group that is one of:not included in the selected subset of N′ cyclic blocks and left as-iswithout rearranging; and not included in the selected subset of N′cyclic blocks, and subject to a rearranging process that is independentof the bit permutation process and that is applied only to anyunselected cyclic blocks.

According to this configuration, bit interleaving is applied to amaximised number of cyclic blocks.

For example, the excluded cyclic blocks may be the cyclic blocks havinga variable node of the lowest weight. For the example RA QC LDPC codes(see FIG. 5), the excluded cyclic blocks are the cyclic block of theparity section (having a variable node weight of two), and arebeneficially the last one or more cyclic blocks of the codeword.

Moreover, the selecting step is also usable for selecting the cyclicblocks according to the importance of the bits included therein.

The importance of the bits included in the cyclic blocks is determinedaccording to the number of parity bits associated therewith.

When the codeword is for repeat-accumulate quasi-cyclic low-densityparity-check codes, the unselected cyclic blocks correspond to theparity section of the codeword.

According to this configuration, most of the bits corresponding to thecodeword are involved in optimal interleaving. Reducing the number ofbits involved in interleaving results in greatly improved overallefficacy.

Further, the subset of N′ selected cyclic blocks may be formed from N′continuous cyclic blocks beginning with the first bit of the codeword.

According to this configuration, hardware implementation is furthersimplified. Particularly, for the example of the parity-check matrix inrepeat-accumulate quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes, the lastbit of the codeword is the bit having the least associativity.

FIG. 30 illustrates a cyclic block subject to and a cyclic blockexcluded from (i.e., an excluded block of) the interleaving processdescribed above (i.e., Embodiment 1). In FIG. 30, the code is 16K LDPCcode that conforms to the DVB-T2 standard and the constellation is a16-QAM constellation. As shown, 44 of the cyclic blocks are subject tointerleaving (i.e., blocks 1 through 44), and cyclic block 45, in thelast row, is the one cyclic block not subject to interleaving (i.e., theexcluded block). The four blackened squares represent the four bits ofthe first constellation.

In general, the number of interleaver sections (each made up of M cyclicblocks) is given by floor(N/M), and the number of excluded cyclic blocksis given by rem(N, M). Here, floor(N/M) is a function that returns thelargest integer smaller than or equal to N/M, and rem(N, M) is afunction that returns the remainder of dividing N by M.

Table 2 indicates the number of sections and the number of excludedcyclic blocks for various constellation sizes (i.e., number of bits perconstellation M), for the 16K LDPC codes of the DVB-T2 standard (whereN=45 cyclic blocks are used).

TABLE 2 Constellation No. of No. of size M sections excluded blocks QPSK2 22 1 16-QAM 4 11 1 64-QAM 6 7 3 256-QAM  8 5 5

According to the interleaving method satisfying Conditions 1 and 2 asdescribed above, each constellation word is mapped onto M cyclic blocks.However, for large constellations (i.e., constellations having manyconstellation points), an interleaving method satisfying Conditions 1and 2 requires an extremely large amount of delay registers (see theimplementation described with reference to FIGS. 26 through 29). Usingan extremely large amount of registers leads to an increase in circuitarea and electric power consumption. In addition, reducing the number ofcyclic blocks onto which each constellation word is mapped is beneficialfor increasing the overlap between the outer (BICM) iterations and theinner (LDPC) iterations, in turn reducing overall BICM decoding latency.

By mapping two or more bits of each constellation word onto the samecyclic block, the number of cyclic blocks onto which each constellationword is mapped is reduced. The number of constellation word bits mappedonto the same cyclic block is termed the folding factor and is denotedF. For example, when F=2 for a 16-QAM constellation, each constellationword is mapped onto four cyclic blocks rather than two. The onlyconstraint is that the folding factor F (which is an integer greaterthan one) must be a divisor of both M and Q. When F=1, no folding isinvolved, i.e., the situation corresponds to Embodiment 1, describedabove.

A complex QAM constellation symbol is decomposed into two identical realPAM symbols. Thus, the Mbits of the QAM constellation are divided intotwo identical real PAM symbols, which are sets of M/2 bits. The bits ofeach constellation word are then mapped onto the same number M/2 ofcyclic blocks. A folding factor of F=2 is advantageous for QAMconstellation.

For complex constellations that cannot be decomposed into real numbers,such as 8-PSK (phase shift keying), 16-APSK (amplitude phase shiftkeying), 32-APSK and so on in the DVB-S2 standard, the folding method isnot easily applicable. However, the folding method is usable when F is adivisor of M. Unfortunately, this prevents any guarantee that eachcyclic block has only bits of the same robustness level from theconstellations mapped thereto.

Beneficially, the folding method is, for example, applied such that onlybits of the same robustness level in the constellations are mapped tothe cyclic blocks.

Folding is also beneficial in reducing the number of excluded cyclicblocks, or even eliminating the need to exclude any cyclic blocks. Asdescribed above, a certain number of cyclic blocks making up thecodeword must be excluded when the interleaver described in Embodiment 1(i.e., a parallel interleaver) is used.

Without folding (i.e., when F=1), the number of groups of M cyclicblocks (i.e., the number of sections) is floor(N/M), and the number ofexcluded cyclic blocks is rem(N, M). With folding, the number of groupsof M/F cyclic blocks is floor(N/(M/F)), and the number of excludedcyclic blocks is rem(N, M/F). Specific example of these numbers aregiven in Table 3, for the LDPC codes used in the DVB-T2 standard.

TABLE 3 Without folding With folding LDPC No. of No. of codewordConstellation No. of excluded No. of excluded length size M sectionsblocks sections blocks 16K QPSK 2 22 1 44 1 (N = 45, 16-QAM 4 11 1 22 1Q = 360) 64-QAM 6 7 3 15 0 256-QAM 8 5 5 11 1 64K QPSK 2 90 0 180 0 (N =180, 16-QAM 4 45 0 90 0 Q = 360) 64-QAM 6 30 0 60 0 256-QAM 8 22 4 45 0

The inventor discovered that, in order to perform folding (where F is aninteger equal to or greater than two), Conditions 1 and 2 must bemodified into Conditions 1A and 2A, as given below.

(Condition 1A)

The Mbits of each constellation word are each mapped to one of M/Fdifferent cyclic blocks of the LDPC codeword. This is equivalent tomapping one bit from M/F different cyclic blocks of the LDPC codeword toa constellation word. This is schematically illustrated in FIG. 31A.

(Condition 2A)

All constellation words mapped to the M/F cyclic blocks are mapped onlyto that particular cyclic block. This is equivalent to mapping all M×Q/Fbits of the M/F different cyclic blocks each made up of Q bits toexactly Q/F constellations. This is schematically illustrated in FIG.31B.

When F=1, no folding is involved, and thus Conditions 1A and 2A areequivalent to Conditions 1 and 2.

Embodiment 2

The following describes the details of a bit interleaver (i.e., aparallel bit interleaver) that satisfies conditions 1A and 2A, givenabove. In the following description, processing and the units performingsuch processing are labeled with the same reference numbers whereverapplicable.

In the present document, each group of M/F cyclic blocks or of Q/Fconstellation words is referred to as a folding section (or as a foldinginterleaver section).

When F=1 (i.e., no folding), the folding interleaver sections match theinterleaver sections and the bit interleaver is configured identicallyto the bit interleaver from Embodiment 1.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of a bitinterleaver satisfying Conditions 1A and 2A, when Q=8, M=4, N=12, andF=2, as another Embodiment of the disclosure.

In FIG. 32, the QC-LDPC codewords are made up of N=12 cyclic blocks QB1through QB12, each in turn made up of Q=8 bits. Each of the 24constellation words is made up of M=4 bits. Each constellation wordindicates one of 2^(M)=16 constellation points. The bit interleaver isdivided into F×N/M=6 folding sections, and 24 constellation words areeach associated with one of the F×N/M=6 folding sections.

The bit interleaver 2000A includes a bit permutator 2010A. The bitpermutator 2010A includes F×N/M=6 folding section permutators2021A-2026A each operating independently. Rather than providing sixfolding section permutators, a single folding section permutator may beprovided so as to performs six (later described) folding sectionpermutation processes, switching therebetween over time.

The folding section permutators (2021A, 2022A, 2023A, 2024A, 2025A,2026A) are independent and each apply a folding section permutationprocess to the 16 bits of two cyclic blocks such that F=2 bits from eachof M/F=2 cyclic blocks (QB1-QB2, QB3-QB4, QB5-QB6, QB7-QB8, QB9-QB10,QB11-QB12) are mapped to a given set of four constellation words (C1-C4,C5-C8, C9-C12, C13-C16, C17-C20, C21-C24).

Conditions 1A and 2A, described above, simply ensure that the bitinterleaver is divisible into F×N/M parallel folding sections. Thefolding section permutations applied to the parallel folding sectionsmay all apply the same permutation rules, may each apply differentpermutation rules, or may involve a subset of the sections applyingidentical permutation rules while other differ.

For example, the folding section permutators may map Q bits from eachcyclic block to bits of Q/F constellation words having the samerobustness level. This is illustrated in FIGS. 33A, 33B, 34A, and 34Bfor a situation where Q=8 and M=4.

FIG. 34A is a block diagram of a (folding) section permutator when F=1(i.e., without folding), and is similar to FIG. 22A.

FIG. 34B is a block diagram of two folding section permutators from FIG.32 where F=2 (i.e., with folding).

However, in the example of FIG. 34B, the constellations are 16-QAMconstellations. Thus, the bits of the constellations have two robustnesslevels. Bits b1 and b3 have the same robustness level, and bits b2 andb4 have the same robustness level, the former robustness level beingdifferent from the latter robustness level.

The folding section permutators 2201A (and 2202A) each include acolumn-row permutator 2131A (or 2132A).

The column-row permutators 2131A (and 2132A) each perform a column-rowpermutation process on Q×M/F=16 cyclic blocks QB1 and QB2 (or QB3 andQB4). To be exact, the column-row permutators 2131A (and 2132A) writeQ×M/F=16 bits row-wise into a Q×M/F (8×2) matrix, then read the 16 bitsso written column-wise to perform the column-row permutation process.The column-row permutation applied by the column-row permutators 2131Aand 2132A resembles the permutation applied to the 12×1350 matrix shownin FIGS. 9A and 9B, where Q columns and M/F rows are used, the writingprocess occurs row-wise, and the reading process occurs column-wise.

Folding with a folding factor of F reduces the number of cyclic blocksmapped to a single constellation word. Thus, the matrix used in thecolumn-row permutation is reduced in size, from M rows to M/F rows.

FIG. 33A illustrates the mapping function performed by the (folding)section permutator from FIG. 34A. FIG. 33B illustrates the mappingfunction performed by the two folding section permutators from FIG. 34B.In FIGS. 33A and 33B, each constellation word of M=4 bits is denoted b1through b4. The portions outlined in thicker lines represent theportions mapped to constellation C1.

As shown in FIGS. 33A and 34A, the eight bits of a cyclic block (beingof equal importance) are each mapped to the bits of eight constellationwords having the same bit index (i.e., having the same robustnesslevel). Also, in FIGS. 33B and 34B, the eight bits of a cyclic block(being of equal importance) are mapped to the bits of four constellationwords having the same robustness level.

The folding section permutation described in FIG. 34B may be applied tocyclic blocks QB5-QB6, QB7-QB8, QB9-QB10, and QB11-QB12.

The folding section permutators of FIGS. 34A and 34B may also include asubunit performing an intra-cyclic-block permutation on the bits ofcyclic blocks QB1-QB4 prior to the column-row permutation.

Advantageously, an additional cyclic block permutation may be applied tothe N cyclic blocks before the bit interleaver performs the foldingsection permutation. FIG. 35 is a structural diagram of the additionalcyclic block permutation applied by the bit interleaver.

The bit interleaver 2300A shown in FIG. 35 includes the cyclic blockpermutator 2310 and a bit permutator 2010A (which in turn includesfolding section permutators 2021A-2026A).

FIG. 36 is a schematic block diagram of the bit interleaver 3500 shownin FIG. 35.

The bit interleaver 2400A shown in FIG. 36 includes the cyclic blockpermutator 2310 and a bit permutator 2200A (which in turn includesfolding section permutators 2201A-2206A).

The folding section permutators 2201A-2206A each include a column-rowpermutator 2131A-2136A. The folding section permutators 2133A-2136A eachperform substantially identical permutations with the column-rowpermutators 2131A-2132A.

The bit interleavers shown in FIGS. 35 and 36 may each include anadditional subunit performing an intra-cyclic-block permutation on thebits of cyclic blocks QB1-QB 12 before or after the cyclic blockpermutation.

The following describes a transmitter that includes the bit interleaverperforming a bit interleaving process that satisfies Conditions 1A and2A, with reference to FIG. 37.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram of a transmitter pertaining to a furtherEmbodiment of the present disclosure. The transmitter 2500A shown inFIG. 37 is configured similarly to the transmitter 2500 of FIG. 25,differing in that the bit interleaver 2520 is replaced with a bitinterleaver 2520A.

The bit interleaver 2520A receives the codeword in QC-LDPC code from theLDPC encoder 2510. The codeword is made up of N=12 cyclic blocks, eachcyclic block including Q=8 bits. The bit interleaver 2520A performsinterleaving on the bits of the codewords. The bit interleaver 2520Adivides the interleaved codeword into a plurality of constellationwords, each made up of M=4 bits and indicating one of 2^(M)=16constellation points, then outputs the constellation words to theconstellation mapper 2530. The bit interleaver 2520A may apply the bitinterleaving process discussed with reference to FIGS. 32 through 34, ormay apply a variant bit permutation process (excluding cases where F=1).Also, the bit interleaver 2520A may apply an additional cyclic blockpermutation process (excluding cases where F=1), such as the processdiscussed with reference to FIGS. 35 and 36 or a variation thereof.

The following describes a receiver receiving signals from a transmitterthat includes the bit interleaver performing a bit interleaving processthat satisfies Conditions 1A and 2A.

FIG. 38 is a block diagram of an example receiver, including anon-iterative BICM decoder, pertaining to a further Embodiment of thedisclosure. The receiver performs the transmitter operations in reverse.The receiver 2700A shown in FIG. 38 is configured similarly to thereceiver 2700 of FIG. 27, differing in that the bit deinterleaver 2730is replaced by a bit deinterleaver 2730A.

The bit deinterleaver 2730A performs an interleaving process on the softbit sequence output from the constellation demapper 2720 so as to cancelthe bit interleaving process applied to the bit sequence by the bitinterleaver 2520A in the transmitter 2500A.

FIG. 39 is a block diagram of an example receiver, including anon-iterative BICM decoder, pertaining to a further Embodiment of thedisclosure. The receiver performs the transmitter operations in reverse.The receiver 2800A shown in FIG. 39 is configured similarly to thereceiver 2800 of FIG. 28, differing in that the bit deinterleaver 2730and the bit interleaver 2750 are replaced by a bit deinterleaver 2730Aand a bit deinterleaver 2750A.

The bit interleaver 2750A performs an interleaving process on theextrinsic information using the same interleaving rules as theinterleaving process applied to the bit sequence by the bit interleaver2520A in the transmitter 2500A.

From a hardware implementation perspective, folding is desirable inthat, for example, the bits of a constellation are thereby located infewer LLR memory locations. Typically, the LLR memory in the decoderincludes G×N addressable memory locations, each location being capableof storing Q/G LLR values. Here, G is an implementation parameter thatis a divisor of Q and is hereinafter referred to as memory granularity.The LLR memory locations in the decoder and the LLR values of the firstconstellation are shown in FIG. 40, where M=4, F=2, Q=12, and G=1-12.

The number of LLR values per memory location, i.e., the value of Q/G, isnecessarily a multiple of F. The LLR values of each constellation arethus stored at the same position in all memory locations. This ensuresthat the LLR values of any constellation word are stored in M/F memorylocations. A counter-example is given in FIG. 40 where G=4, and 12/4=3LLR values are stores at each memory location. The LLR values of thesecond and fifth constellation words are each stored at four memorylocations rather than at two memory locations.

In addition to simple QAM constellations where folding with F=2 isapplicable, folding is even more useful when two or more constellationsymbols are jointly decoded. Joint decoding is necessary, for instance,for the maximum-likelihood decoding of block codes (e.g., space-timecodes, space-frequency codes, and the like), and for rotatedconstellations in two or more dimensions.

In general, a block code encodes two or more input symbols (e.g., x₁, .. . , x_(k)) onto two or more output symbols (e.g., y₁, . . . , y_(L)).Here, L is at least equal to K. The block codes are modeled on an L×Kgenerator matrix. Here, the output signal vector Y is obtained as aresult of left-multiplying the input signal vector X by the generatormatrix G (i.e., Y=GX).

The elements of the input signal vector X and the output signal vectorY, as well as the elements of the generator matrix G, may be real orcomplex. Depending on the type of code, the output signal vector Y maybe transmitted in different time slots or in different frequency slots,may be transmitted over different antennas, or may be transmitted usinga variety of different time slots, frequency slots, and antennas.

In the receiver, maximum-likelihood decoding is required in order todecode all elements of the input signal vector X Examples of block codesfor multiple-input multiple-output (hereinafter, MIMO) systems includeAlamouti codes, Golden codes, and spatial multiplexing.

When K symbols are encoded in the same block, a folding factor of up toK is obviously useable. Further, provided that the symbols are QAMsymbols (including two divisible PAM symbols), then the folding factormay be increased to 2K.

According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, whenconstellations of different sizes, i.e., hybrid constellations, arejointly encoded, the two constellations have different robustnesslevels. Thus, for example, the cyclic block to which the bits of oneconstellation word are mapped is distinct from the cyclic block to whichthe bits of the other constellation word are mapped.

The following describes an example of a coded spatial-multiplexing MIMOsystem using two transmit antennas. The complex signal prior to codingis X=[x₁ x₂]. Here, x₁ is a signal to which QPSK has been applied, andx₂ is a signal to which 16-QAM has been applied. The complex signalafter decoding is Y=[y₁ y₂]. Here, y₁ and y₂ are signals respectivelytransmitted by a first antenna and a second antenna. Y is obtainedthrough a left-multiplication of X with a 2×2 generator matrix G (wherethe elements of G may be either real or complex) (i.e., Y=GX).

FIG. 41 illustrates an example of mapping with a folding factor of F=2,when multiplexing QPSK symbols with 16-QAM symbols in a single blockcode. FIG. 41 indicates only the first seven bits of the cyclic blocks.The two complex symbols x₁ and x₂ are configured as follows.

x₁ is a QPSK symbol having a real part b1 and an imaginary part b2.

x₂ is a 16-QAM symbol having real part b3 and b4 and having imaginaryparts b5 and b6.

The two symbols are jointly decoded by the receiver and thus form aconstellation block or generated block.

The entire 6-bit constellation block has three robustness levels.

Level 1: 1: QPSK bits b1 and b2 are mapped to QB1

Level 2: 16-QAM bits b3 and b5 are mapped to QB2

Level 3: 16-QAM bits b4 and b6 are mapped to QB3

When one of the constellations has M1 bits and the other constellationhas M2 bits, the N cyclic groups are divided into one or more groups ofM1 cyclic block and one or more groups of M2 cyclic blocks in order toperform the bit interleaving process.

Embodiment 3

The following describes an example of an interleaver performing foldingin a situation where N is not a multiple of M.

FIG. 42 illustrates a cyclic block subject to and a cyclic blockexcluded from (i.e., an excluded block) the interleaving process whereF=2, described above. In FIG. 42, the code is 16K LDPC code conformingto the DVB-T2 standard, and the constellation is a 16-QAM constellation.As shown, 44 of the cyclic blocks are subject to interleaving (i.e.,blocks 1 through 44), and cyclic block 45, in the last row, is the onecyclic block not subject to interleaving (i.e., the excluded block). Thefour blackened squares represent the four bits of the firstconstellation.

FIG. 43 is a schematic block diagram of a bit interleaver performingfolding when N is not a multiple of M. For simplicity, the followingvalues hold: N=13, Q=8, M=4, and F=2.

The number of folding sections is floor(N/(M/F))=6, and the number ofexcluded cyclic blocks is rem(N, M/F)=1.

The bit interleaver 2000B selects 13−1=12 cyclic blocks from amongcyclic blocks QB1-QB13, such that the selected cyclic blocks QB1-QB12satisfy conditions A1 and A2 and are subject to interleaving. The bitpermutator 2010A in the bit interleaver 2000B performs the permutationprocess described with reference to FIG. 32 on the twelve selectedcyclic blocks. Although the bits of cyclic block QB13 are here mapped toa constellation word without interleaving, interleaving may also beapplied prior to mapping to the constellation word.

As an example of an interleaver not performing folding when N is not amultiple of M, the bit permutator 2010A shown in FIG. 43 may be replacedby the permutator 2010 shown in FIG. 20.

The following describes a specific example of a section permutationperformed on LDPC codes using the DVB-T2 standard as described in Table3.

(Ex. 1A) When N=45, Q=360, M=4, and without folding (i.e., F=1)

FIG. 44A is a configuration diagram of a section permutation for asituation where N=45, Q=360, M=4, and without folding (i.e., F=1).

The bit interleaver 4400A selects a subset of 44 cyclic blocks QB1-QB44from among 45 cyclic blocks QB1-QB45.

The subset is then divided into eleven sections 1-11 each including fourcyclic blocks. For example, section 1 includes cyclic blocks QB1-QB4,and section 11 includes cyclic blocks QB41-QB44.

Eleven section permutators (4401-4411) in the bit interleaver 4400A eachperform a permutation process on the four respective cyclic blocks, asdescribed with reference to FIG. 32.

The bits of cyclic block QB45 are here mapped to a constellation wordwithout interleaving.

(Ex. 1B) When N=45, Q=360, M=4, and with folding (i.e., F=2)

FIG. 44B is a configuration diagram of a section permutation for asituation where N=45, Q=360, M=4, and with folding (i.e., F=2).

The bit interleaver 4400B selects a subset of 44 cyclic blocks QB1-QB44from among 45 cyclic blocks QB1-QB45.

The subset is then divided into eleven sections 1-11 each including twocyclic blocks.

Here, 22 section permutators (4421, 4422, . . . , 4442) in the bitinterleaver 4400B each perform a permutation process on the tworespective cyclic blocks, as described with reference to FIG. 32.

The bits of cyclic block QB45 are here mapped to a constellation wordwithout interleaving.

(Ex. 2A) When N=45, Q=360, M=6, and without folding (i.e., F=1)

FIG. 45A is a configuration diagram of a section permutation for asituation where N=45, Q=360, M=6, and without folding (i.e., F=1).

The bit interleaver 4500A selects a subset of 42 cyclic blocks QB1-QB42from among 45 cyclic blocks QB1-QB45.

The subset is then divided into seven sections 1-7 each including sixcyclic blocks. For example, section 1 includes cyclic blocks QB1-QB6,and section 7 includes cyclic blocks QB37-QB42.

Seven section permutators (4501 through 4507) in the bit interleaver4500A each perform a permutation process on the six respective cyclicblocks, as described with reference to FIG. 32.

Here, cyclic blocks QB43-QB45 are not included in any subset.

The bits of cyclic blocks QB43 and QB44 are here mapped to constellationwords without interleaving.

In contrast, the bits of cyclic block QB45 are subject tointra-cyclic-block permutation by the intra-cyclic-block permutator4545.

That is, the bits of cyclic blocks QB43 and QB44 are not included in anysubset, and are not subject to permutation. However, while the bits ofcyclic block QB45 are likewise not included in any subset, these bitsare subject to permutation by an intra-cyclic-block permutator 4545 thatis separate from the section permutators (4501 through 4507).

In the example of FIG. 45A, cyclic block QB45 alone from among cyclicblocks QB43 through QB45 is subject to permutation. However, all threeof the cyclic blocks QB43 through QB45 may also be subject topermutation. Alternatively, an intra-cyclic-block permutation may beapplied to the cyclic blocks QB43 through QB45.

(Ex. 2B) When N=45, Q=360, M=6, and with folding (i.e., F=2)

FIG. 45B is a configuration diagram of a section permutation for asituation where N=45, Q=360, M=6, and with folding (i.e., F=2).

The bit interleaver 4500B selects all 45 cyclic blocks QB1-QB45 fromamong the 45 cyclic blocks QB1-QB45.

The subset is then divided into fifteen sections 1-15 each includingthree cyclic blocks.

Here, 15 section permutators (4511, . . . , 4526) in the bit interleaver4500B each perform a permutation process on the three respective cyclicblocks, as described with reference to FIG. 32.

Embodiment 4

The following describes an effective bit interleaving method. In theLDPC decoding process, the error correction capability can be decreasedby the presence of ineffective check nodes. The inventors havediscovered a further method of preventing the occurrence of ineffectivecheck nodes, using the method mentioned above. The following discussesthe means by which ineffective check nodes occur, and the means ofcancelling such nodes.

Ineffective check nodes occur when two or more LDPC variable nodes thatare connected to the same check node have bits from the sameconstellation mapped thereto. Supposing that such a constellationundergoes deep fading, the corresponding LLR values output by theconstellation demapper are then very small or are zero.

Hypothetically, when two or more variable nodes are connected to thesame check node, and the check node has LLR values that are either zeroor extremely small, then the check node is unable to employ the errorcorrection process. Thus, as a result, the value convergence of theiterative process for a first iteration by a LDPC decoder is slowed.Such check nodes are termed ineffective check nodes.

The following describes the manner in which ineffective check nodesoccur, using a specific example. Consider the third cyclic block ofcheck nodes shown in FIG. 5 (i.e., check nodes CN17 through CN24) of theLDPC code as defined by the parity-check matrix. FIG. 46 highlights thevariable nodes connected to parity check nodes 17 through 24. That is,the blackened squares represent only the portions associated with checknodes and variable nodes.

These connections are also described as shown in FIG. 47, for addedclarity of understanding with regard to the parallel structure andcyclic permutations. Each of the eight check nodes is connected to eightvariable nodes through the cyclic permutation. Here, the cyclicpermutation corresponds to a cyclically shift logarithm of theparity-check matrix. For example, in FIG. 47, the bits of the thirdcyclic block (i.e., QB3), are connected to the check nodes twice. Thisis shown by highlighting (in thick black lines) the connection betweenthe first check node (CN17) and the variable node. This highlightingexists solely for the purpose of illustrating the connection betweencheck node 17 and the variable node, and has no particular significanceregarding check node 17.

As described above, a correspondence relationship exists between FIGS.46 and 47. In FIG. 46, the variable nodes of check node 17 (CN17, theseventeenth row of the matrix in FIG. 46) and the second cyclic block(QB2, corresponding to columns 9 through 16 of the matrix in FIG. 46)are clearly associated with the rightmost variable node of QB2 (thesixteenth row of the matrix in FIG. 46) and check node 17 (theseventeenth row and the blackened squares of the sixteenth row of thematrix in FIG. 46). Likewise, in FIG. 47, check node 17 (the leftmostblackened squares) are associated with the rightmost variable nodes (theblackened circles) of the second cyclic block (i.e., QB2).

As for the eight cyclic blocks connected to check nodes 17 through 24,FIGS. 48A through 48H each indicate a view of the mapping. In each ofFIGS. 48A through 48H, the variable nodes connected to check nodes 17through 24 are highlighted. Each square represents a variable node of acyclic block, and the variable nodes associated with check nodes areblackened. Also, FIG. 47 highlights the connection between check node 17and the variable nodes, and FIG. 48A also represents this connection.The relationships highlighted by FIGS. 48A and 47 thus correspond toeach other.

The following describes two examples in which ineffective check nodesoccur. These examples are a selected sample.

FIGS. 49A through 49H illustrate the first example. FIGS. 49A through49H illustrate 16-QAM constellations mapped onto QB14 and QB15, based onthe mapping shown in FIGS. 48A through 48H and a folding factor F of 2.In FIGS. 49A through 49H, each group of four squares surrounded by athick outline represents a constellation. As shown, each constellationundergoes deep fading and thus causes two check nodes to be ineffective.The check nodes rendered ineffective by the constellations undergoingthe fading are as follows.

-   -   When C1 undergoes fading: check nodes 17 and 18 (see FIGS. 49A        and 49B)    -   When C2 undergoes fading: check nodes 19 and 20 (see FIGS. 49C        and 49D)    -   When C3 undergoes fading: check nodes 21 and 22 (see FIGS. 49E        and 49F)    -   When C4 undergoes fading: check nodes 23 and 24 (see FIGS. 49G        and 49H)

FIGS. 50A through 50H illustrate the second example. FIGS. 50A through50H illustrate 16-QAM constellations mapped onto QB4 and QB5, based onthe mapping shown in FIGS. 48A through 48H and a folding factor F of 2.In FIGS. 50A through 50H, each group of four squares surrounded by athick outline represents a constellation. As shown, each constellationundergoes deep fading and thus causes one check nodes to be ineffective.The check nodes rendered ineffective by the constellations undergoingthe fading are as follows.

-   -   When C1 undergoes fading: check node 21 (see FIG. 50E)    -   When C2 undergoes fading: check node 23 (see FIG. 50G)    -   When C3 undergoes fading: check node 17 (see FIG. 50A)    -   When C4 undergoes fading: check node 19 (see FIG. 50C)

The occurrence of ineffective check nodes is preventable by avoidingmapping a variable node onto a constellation connected to the same checknode. For the parallel bit interleaver, this is realized by performing afurther permutation on the bits of each cyclic block. This furtherpermutation is termed an intra-cyclic-block permutation, below. Theintra-cyclic-block permutation is typically applied differentlyaccording to the cyclic block in question.

Implementation is simplified by having the intra-cyclic-blockpermutation by using one or more cyclic shifts. When there is only onecyclic shift, a (reconfigurable) rotator and de-rotator included in theLDPC decoder are reusable, thus reducing implementation complexity inthe circuit. FIGS. 51A and 51B respectively illustrate the structure ofthe intra-cyclic-block interleaver realizing one shift and two shiftsper cyclic block when Q=8. As shown, the intra-cyclic-block interleaver(5100A or 5100B) includes table B (5101A or 5101B) storing the shiftvalues for realizing the shifts of each cyclic block, and one or tworeconfigurable rotators (5102A, 5102B, and 5103B). Theintra-cyclic-block interleaver (5100A or 5100B) receives a cyclic blockindex indicating the target cyclic block as input, specifies a shiftvalue corresponding to the cyclic block as indicated in table B (5101Aor 5101B), and configures the rotator with the shift value. The rotator(5102A, 5102B, or 5103B) cyclically shifts the bits of the cyclic blockinput thereto by the shift value and outputs a shifted bit sequence(i.e., a cyclic block having undergone an intra-cyclic-blockpermutation). The intra-cyclic-block interleaver corresponds to theintra-cyclic-block permutator of FIGS. 21B and 24. The rightward shiftvalues indicated by table B (5101A or 5101B) are stored values enablingthe prevention of a situation where the check nodes associated withvariable nodes are mapped to the same constellation.

Reference to FIGS. 49A through 49H and 50A through 50H enable theoccurrence of ineffective check nodes to be avoided by setting the shiftvalues as described below. Specifically, for FIGS. 49A through 49B, theshift value is two for QB14, such that two rightward cyclic shifts areused. Also, for FIGS. 50A through 50H, the shift value is three for QB4,such that three rightward cyclic shifts are used. The results ofapplying these cyclic shift to FIGS. 49A through 49H and FIGS. 50Athrough 50H are shown in FIGS. 52A through 52H and in FIGS. 53A through53H, respectively. For simplicity in the examples, FIGS. 50A through 50Hindicate that a rightward 3-bit shift is applied to the entirety of QB4.However, for FIGS. 50B, 50D, 50F, and 50H, the intra-cyclic-blockpermutation is not necessary because the constellations mapped thereininvolve different variable nodes associated with the check nodes.

When a cyclic block requiring no cyclic shift is input, the shift valueis set to zero and the bit sequence is output as-is, without cyclicshifting.

Hence, the number of ineffective check nodes in the LDPC codes isminimized by selecting an appropriate permutation for each cyclic block.Of course, the intra-cyclic-block permutations must be adapted wheneverthe LDPC codes are changed, such as when the PCM of the employed code ischanged. The intra-cyclic-block permutation may be optimally realizedusing a set of (limited) PCM including a plurality of predetermined PCM,the set being stored in advance (alternatively, shift values or otherparameters may be stored, the parameters defining the actual permutationmethod). Table B for FIG. 51A, discussed above, is stored as appropriatefor the permutation method. Accordingly, when the coding rate or thelike is changed, thus changing the PCM, the appropriate parameters maybe selected from a set, allowing the optimal permutation method to bechanged. The optimal intra-cyclic-block permutation for a given PCM or agiven set of PCMs may be determined by any known optimization process,including brute force, simulated annealing, Monte-Carlo, and the like.

FIG. 54 is an overall diagram indicating the configuration of anintra-cyclic-block permutation 5410 in the parallel bit interleaver 5400used for a folding factor of two, similar to that of FIG. 24. Theoperations of FIGS. 54 and 24 differ only in that the folding factor ischanged from four to two, and that the section permutation is realizedon two cyclic blocks. Explanations are omitted as the details areotherwise identical. As for the receiver, a detailed explanation isomitted because the operations thereof are identical to those of thetransmitted in every respect, except that the direction of the arrows inFIG. 54 is reversed.

FIG. 55 is a block diagram of a BICM encoder pertaining to Embodiment 4,where Q=8, M=4, and F=2.

As shown in FIG. 55, the BICM encoder 5500 includes a main memory 5501,an LDPC controller 5511, a rotator 5512, a check node processor group5513, a de-rotator 5514, a QB counter 5531, a QB permutation table 5532,interleaver B 5533, a register group 5534, interleaver C 5535, a QBshift table 5536, and a mapper group 5551.

In contrast to FIG. 26, the BICM encoder shown in FIG. 55 uses a foldingfactor of two, and thus the number of registers in the register group5534 and mappers in the mapper group 5551 is reduced from four to two.Also, table A is replaced by the QB permutation table 5532 and the QBshift table 5536. The following describes the points of difference fromFIG. 26. Other aspects of the configuration are omitted as beingidentical to FIG. 26.

The QB counter 5531 notifies the QB permutation table 5532 of the numberof the target cyclic block.

The QB permutation table 5532 is a lookup table similar to table A 2632of FIG. 26.

The QB shift table 5536 stores shift values for performing a cyclicshift on a bit sequence for each of the cyclic blocks. The QB shifttable 5536 determines the shift value according to the number of thecyclic block in the notification from the QB permutation table 5532,then notifies the rotator (interleaver B) B) 5533 thereof. The QB shifttable 5536 is equivalent to table B (5101A, 5101B) in FIG. 51.

The rotator (interleaver B) 5533 performs a rightward cyclic shift bythe shift value on the bit sequence input thereto in accordance with theshift value in the notification, then outputs the results to theregister group 5534. The rotator (interleaver B) 5533 performs anintra-cyclic-block permutation in the BICM encoder, i.e., corresponds tothe intra-cyclic-block permutation 5410 of FIG. 54. Also, the column-rowinterleaver (interleaver C) 5535 performs a column-row permutation asshown in FIG. 54. Here, this involves writing 8 (Q)×2 (M/F) bitsrow-wise into a 2 (M/F)×8 (Q) matrix, then reading column-wise.

FIG. 56 is a block diagram of an iterative BICM decoder pertaining toEmbodiment 4, where Q=8, M=4, and F=2.

As shown, the iterative BICM decoder 5600 includes a main LLR memory5601, a buffer LLR memory 5602, an LDPC controller 5611, a rotator 5612,a check node processor group 5613, a de-rotator 5614, a QB counter 5631,a table 5632, a subtractor group 5633, interleaver B 5634, registergroup 5635, interleaver C 5636, a demapper group 5637, de-interleaver C5638, register group 5639, de-interleaver B 5640, a delayer 5641, and aQB shift table 5642.

As comparison to FIG. 29 makes obvious, the iterative BICM decoder 5600shown in FIG. 56 uses a folding factor of two and thus, the number ofregisters in the register groups 5535 and 5539 as well as the number ofdemappers in the demapper group 5637 is reduced from four to two. Also,table A is replaced by a QB permutation table 5632 and a QB shift table5642. The following describes the points of difference from FIG. 29.Other aspects of the configuration are omitted as being identical toFIG. 29.

The QB counter 5631 notifies the QB permutation table 5632 of the numberof the target cyclic block.

The QB permutation table 5632 is a lookup table similar to table A 2932of FIG. 29.

The QB shift table 5642 stores shift values for performing a cyclicshift on a bit sequence for each of the cyclic blocks. The QB shifttable 5642 determines the shift value according to the number of thecyclic block in the notification from the QB permutation table 5632,then notifies the rotator (interleaver B) 5634 accordingly. Also, thede-rotator (deinterleaver B) 5640 is notified of the shift value via oneof the delayers 5641, in order to be able to undo the interleavingprocess for the intra-cyclic-block permutation. The QB shift table 5542is equivalent to table B (5101A, 5101B) in FIG. 51.

The rotator (interleaver B) 5634 performs a cyclic shift on the bitsequence input thereto according to the shift value in the notificationfrom the QB shift table 5642, then outputs the results to the registergroup 5635. The rotator (interleaver B) 5634 performs anintra-cyclic-block permutation in the iterative BICM decoder 5600.

Also, in accordance with the shift value in the notification from the QBshift table 5642, the de-rotator (deinterleaver B) 5640 performs acyclic shift on the bit sequence input thereto from the register group5639 that is the inverse of the shift applied by the rotator(interleaver B) 5634, then outputs the results to the main LLR memory5601.

The column-row interleaver (interleaver C) 5636 corresponds tointerleaver C of FIG. 29. The column-row deinterleaver (deinterleaver C)5638 corresponds to interleaver C 2938 of FIG. 29.

According to the above configuration, the BICM encoder is able to simplyexecute a intra-cyclic-block permutation, and situations where thevariable nodes associated with a check node are mapped to the sameconstellation in plurality is thus avoided. Accordingly, the occurrenceprobability of ineffective check nodes, which cannot be used in errorcorrection, is reduced.

(Supplement 1)

The present disclosure is not limited to the Embodiments describedabove. Provided that the aims of the invention and accompanying aims areachieved, other variations are also possible, such as the following.

(1) Embodiment 1 is described above using the parameters N=12, Q=8, andM=4. However, no limitation to the parameters N, M, and Q is intended.Here, N may be any multiple of M. When N is two or more times M, theprocessing by the bit interleaver is divisible into a plurality ofsections.(2) In Embodiment 2, when folding is used, i.e., when F is two orgreater, the parameters given for the example are N=12, Q=8, M=4, and afolding factor of F=2. However, no limitation to the parameters N, M, Q,and F is intended. Here, F is a divisor of M and Q, and N is a multipleof M/F.(3) In Embodiment 2, when folding is used, the value of F is given astwo, which is the number of bits having the same robustness level in asingle 16-QAM constellation. However, no limitation is intended. Thevalue of F need not be equal to the number of bits having the samerobustness level in a constellation, and may indeed be other than thenumber of bits having the same robustness level in a constellation.(4) In Embodiment 2, when folding is used, the example describes afolding factor of F=2, and QAM constellations being 16-QAMconstellations. However, no limitation is intended. When F=2, the QAMconstellations may be other than 16-QAM constellations (e.g., 64-QAMconstellations or 256-QAM constellations).(5) In Embodiment 4, table B and the QB shift table store cyclic shiftvalues for a rightward shift of a bit sequence. However, these tablesmay also store values for a leftward shift, and the shift values neednot be absolute minimums. No limitation is intended provided that thetables enable the prevention of a situation where the variable nodesassociated with a check node are mapped in plurality to the sameconstellation.

Also, the cyclic shift may be replaced by a intra-cyclic-blockpermutation with no regularity such that, in a given constellation, nocheck node is associated with a plurality of variable nodes. However,when an intra-cyclic-block permutation without regularity is used, theneither the transmitter must communicate the intra-cyclic-blockpermutation method to the receiver, or the method for implementing thepermutation must be determined in advance between the transmitter andreceiver.

(6) In the above-described Embodiments, the constellations are describedas 16-QAM (i.e., M=4). However, the constellation may be specified byother modulation methods such as QPSK and QAM, such as the circularconstellations employed in the DVB-S2 standard, higher-dimensionalconstellations, and so on.(7) The methods and devices discussed in the above Embodiments may beimplemented as software or as hardware. No particular limitation isintended in this regard. Specifically, the above-described Embodimentsmay be implemented as a computer-readable medium having embodied thereoncomputer-executable instructions that are adapted for allowing acomputer, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, and the like to executethe above-described methods. Also, the above-described Embodiments maybe implemented as an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) oras an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

(Supplement 2)

The interleaving method, interleaver, deinterleaving method,deinterleaver, and decoder of the present disclosure, and the effectsthereof, are described below.

In one aspect, a first bit interleaving method for a communicationsystem using quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes comprises: areception step of receiving a codeword of the quasi-cyclic low-densityparity check codes made up of N cyclic blocks each including Q bits; abit permutation step of applying a bit permutation process to thecodeword so as to permute the bits in the codeword; a division step ofdividing the codeword, after the bit permutation process, into aplurality of constellation words, each of the constellation words beingmade up of Mbits and indicating one of 2^(M) predetermined constellationpoints, and an intra-cyclic-block permutation step of applying anintra-cyclic-block permutation process to each of the cyclic blocks soas to permute the bits in each of the cyclic blocks, wherein thedivision step involves dividing the codeword, after the bit permutationprocess, into F×N/M sections, each including M/F of the cyclic blocks (Fbeing a positive integer), and then dividing the codeword into theconstellation words such that each of the constellation words isassociated with one of the sections, and the bit permutation process isapplied such that each of the constellation words includes F bitsextracted from each of M/F different cyclic blocks subject to thepermutation process, within a given section associated with a given oneof the constellation words.

In another aspect, a first bit interleaver for a communication systemusing quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes comprises: a bitpermutation unit receiving a codeword of the quasi-cyclic low-densityparity check codes made up of N cyclic blocks each including Q bits, andapplying a bit permutation process to the codeword so as to permute thebits in the codeword; a division unit dividing the codeword, after thebit permutation process, into a plurality of constellation words, eachof the constellation words being made up ofM bits and indicating one of2^(M) predetermined constellation points; and an intra-cyclic-blockpermutation unit applying an intra-cyclic-block permutation process toeach of the cyclic blocks so as to permute the bits in each of thecyclic blocks, wherein the division unit divides the codeword, after thebit permutation process, into F×N/M sections, each including M/F of thecyclic blocks (F being a positive integer), and then dividing thecodeword into the constellation words such that each of theconstellation words is associated with one of the sections, and the bitpermutation process is applied such that each of the constellation wordsincludes F bits extracted from each of M/F different cyclic blockssubject to the permutation process, within a given section associatedwith a given one of the constellation words.

Here, the division corresponds to that performed by the BICM encoder andthe BICM decoder in the above-described Embodiments, and to reading thesequence of cyclic block bits from the main memory and the main LLRmemory.

Accordingly, reductions in circuit surface area and in electric powerconsumption are achieved, in addition to enabling the realization of abit interleaving process having high parallelism. In addition, byexecuting the intra-cyclic-block permutation, the check nodes are mademore likely to be able to decrease the probability of ineffective checknodes occurring and being unusable by the receiver.

In a second aspect of a bit interleaving method, the intra-cyclic-blockpermutation process is performed such that bits in the codeword that arelinked to a common check node of the QC-LDPC codes are each mapped to adifferent one of the constellation words.

Also, in a second aspect of a bit interleaver, the intra-cyclic-blockpermutation unit performs the intra-cyclic-block permutation processsuch that bits in the codeword that are linked to a common check node ofthe QC-LDPC codes are each mapped to a different one of theconstellation words.

This ensures that the check nodes are able to decrease the probabilityof ineffective check nodes occurring and being unusable by the receiver.

In a third aspect of a bit interleaving method, at least one instance ofthe intra-cyclic-block permutation process applied to each of the cyclicblocks is a cyclic shift performed on at least a subset of a bitsequence in each of the cyclic blocks.

Also, in a third aspect of a bit interleaver, at least one instance ofthe intra-cyclic-block permutation process applied to each of the cyclicblocks is a cyclic shift performed on at least a subset of a bitsequence in each of the cyclic blocks.

Accordingly, the cyclic shift has a simple configuration enabling therealization of the intra-cyclic-block permutation process.

In a fourth aspect of a bit interleaving method, a column-rowpermutation step of applying a column-row permutation process to each ofa plurality of sections of Q×M/F bits, the column-row permutationprocess being realized by writing the Q×M/F bits row-wise into a matrixhaving M/F rows and Q columns, then reading the Q×M/F bits from thematrix column-wise.

Also, in a fourth aspect of a bit interleaver, a column-row permutationunit applying a column-row permutation process to each of a plurality ofsections of Q×M/F bits, the column-row permutation process beingrealized by writing the Q×M/F bits row-wise into a matrix having M/Frows and Q columns, then reading the Q×M/F bits from the matrixcolumn-wise.

In a fifth aspect of a bit interleaving method, the bit interleavingmethod further comprises a selection step of selecting oneintra-cyclic-block permutation method to be applied to the cyclic blocksfrom among a predetermined number of intra-cyclic-block permutationmethods, the selection being made according to the QC-LDPC codesspecified for use in the communication system.

Also, in a fifth aspect of a bit interleaver, the bit interleaver of thefirst aspect further comprises a selection unit selecting oneintra-cyclic-block permutation method to be applied to the cyclic blocksfrom among a predetermined number of intra-cyclic-block permutationmethods, the selection being made according to the QC-LDPC codesspecified for use in the communication system.

Accordingly, the intra-cyclic-block permutation method defined accordingto the PCM is deliberately specified and is usable for encoding.

In a further aspect, a bit deinterleaving method for a bit stream in acommunication system using QC-LDPC codes comprises: a reception step ofreceiving a bit sequence made up of N×Q bits; and a reverse bitpermutation step of applying the bit interleaving method of the firstaspect in a reversed order to the received bit sequence, so as torestore a codeword of the QC-LDPC codes.

Also, in still another aspect, a bit deinterleaver for a bit stream in acommunication system using QC-LDPC codes comprises a reverse bitpermutation unit receiving a bit sequence made up of N×Q bits andapplying the bit permutation process applied by the bit interleaver ofthe first aspect in a reversed order to the received bit sequence so asto restore a codeword of the QC-LDPC codes.

In another aspect, a decoder for a bit interleaving and demodulatingsystem using quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codes, comprising: aconstellation demapper generating a soft bit sequence indicating aprobability of a corresponding bit being one of a zero-bit and aone-bit; the bit deinterleaver of the other aspect deinterleaving thesoft bit sequence; and a low-density check parity check decoder decodingthe deinterleaved soft bit sequence.

In a second aspect, a decoder of the other aspect further comprises: asubtraction unit calculating a difference between input and output ofthe low-density parity check decoder; and the bit interleaver of thefirst aspect, providing the difference to the constellation demapper asfeedback.

Accordingly, a bit interleaving process having high parallelism isrealizable.

The present invention is applicable to a bit interleaver in abit-interleaved coding and modulation system used for quasi-cycliclow-density parity codes, and to a bit deinterleaver corresponding tosuch a bit interleaver.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   2000A Bit interleaver-   2010A Bit permutator-   2021A Folding section permutator-   2131A, 2132A Column-row permutator-   2500A Transmitter-   2510 LDPC encoder-   2520A Bit interleaver-   2530 Constellation mapper-   2700A, 2800A Receiver-   2710 Constellation demapper-   2720A Bit deinterleaver-   2730 LDPC decoder-   2740 Subtractor-   2750A Bit interleaver-   5410 Intra-cyclic-block permutator

1. A bit interleaving method for interleaving bits of a codewordgenerated based on a quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codingscheme, including a repeat-accumulate quasi-cyclic low-density paritycheck coding scheme, the bit interleaving method comprising: a bitpermutation step of applying a bit permutation process to a codewordmade up of N cyclic blocks each consisting of Q bits, to reorder thebits of the codeword in accordance with a bit permutation rule defininga reordering of the bits; and a dividing step of dividing the codewordafter the bit permutation process into a plurality of constellationwords, each of the constellation words being made up of M bits, whereinN is not a multiple of M, the bit permutation rule includes a first ruleand a second rule, the first rule being applied to N′=N−X cyclic blocks,the second rule being applied to X cyclic blocks, the first rule and thesecond rule differing from each other, where X is a remainder of Ndivided by M, and the reordering of the first rule is equivalent to acolumn-row permutation process including a writing process and a readingprocess, the bits of the N′ cyclic blocks being written into a matrixrow-by-row during the writing process, the written bits being read outfrom the matrix column-by-column during the reading process, the matrixhaving M rows, the Q bits included in one cyclic block being writteninto a same row sequentially.
 2. A bit interleaver for interleaving bitsof a codeword generated based on a quasi-cyclic low-density parity checkcoding scheme, including a repeat-accumulate quasi-cyclic low-densityparity check coding scheme, the bit interleaver comprising: a bitpermutator applying a bit permutation process to a codeword made up of Ncyclic blocks each consisting of Q bits, to reorder the bits of thecodeword in accordance with a bit permutation rule defining a reorderingof the bits; and a divider dividing the codeword after the bitpermutation process into a plurality of constellation words, each of theconstellation words being made up of M bits, wherein N is not a multipleof M, the bit permutation rule includes a first rule and a second rule,the first rule being applied to N′=N−X cyclic blocks, the second rulebeing applied to X cyclic blocks, the first rule and the second rulediffering from each other, where X is a remainder of N divided by M, andthe reordering of the first rule is equivalent to a column-rowpermutation process including a writing process and a reading process,the bits of the N′ cyclic blocks being written into a matrix row-by-rowduring the writing process, the written bits being read out from thematrix column-by-column during the reading process, the matrix having Mrows, the Q bits included in one cyclic block being written into a samerow sequentially.
 3. A signal processing method for processing a signaltransmitted by modulating N×Q/M constellation words, the constellationwords being generated by applying a bit reordering process to a codewordgenerated based on a quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codingscheme, including a repeat-accumulate quasi-cyclic low-density paritycheck coding scheme, and dividing bits of the codeword for each M bits,the codeword being made up of N cyclic blocks each including Q bits, thebit reordering process comprising a bit permutation process ofreordering the bits of the codeword in accordance with a bit permutationrule defining a reordering of the bits, wherein N is not a multiple ofM, the bit permutation rule includes a first rule and a second rule, thefirst rule being applied to N′=N−X cyclic blocks, the second rule beingapplied to X cyclic blocks, the first rule and the second rule differingfrom each other, where X is a remainder of N divided by M, and thereordering of the first rule is equivalent to a column-row permutationprocess including a writing process and a reading process, the bits ofthe N′ cyclic blocks being written into a matrix row-by-row during thewriting process, the written bits being read out from the matrixcolumn-by-column during the reading process, the matrix having M rows,the Q bits included in one cyclic block being written into a same rowsequentially, and the signal processing method comprising a demodulatingstep of generating a demodulated signal by demodulating the signal,which has been transmitted by modulating the N×Q/M constellation words;and a decoding step of decoding the demodulated signal in accordancewith the bit permutation rule to generate data before coding accordingto the quasi-cyclic low-density parity check coding scheme.
 4. A signalprocessor for processing a signal transmitted by modulating N×Q/Mconstellation words, the constellation words being generated by applyinga bit reordering process to a codeword generated based on a quasi-cycliclow-density parity check coding scheme, including a repeat-accumulatequasi-cyclic low-density parity check coding scheme, and dividing bitsof the codeword for each M bits, the codeword being made up of N cyclicblocks each including Q bits, the bit reordering process comprising abit permutation process of reordering the bits of the codeword inaccordance with a bit permutation rule defining a reordering of thebits, wherein N is not a multiple of M, the bit permutation ruleincludes a first rule and a second rule, the first rule being applied toN′=N−X cyclic blocks, the second rule being applied to X cyclic blocks,the first rule and the second rule differing from each other, where X isa remainder of N divided by M, and the reordering of the first rule isequivalent to a column-row permutation process including a writingprocess and a reading process, the bits of the N′ cyclic blocks beingwritten into a matrix row-by-row during the writing process, the writtenbits being read out from the matrix column-by-column during the readingprocess, the matrix having M rows, the Q bits included in one cyclicblock being written into a same row sequentially, and the signalprocessor comprising a demodulator generating a demodulated signal bydemodulating the signal, which has been transmitted by modulating theN×Q/M constellation words; and a decoder decoding the demodulated signalin accordance with the bit permutation rule to generate data beforecoding according to the quasi-cyclic low-density parity check codingscheme.